The preparation of this report has been financed in part through a grant from the Federal
Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, under the State Planning and
Research Program, Section 505 of Title 23, U.S. Code. The contents of this report do not
necessarily reflect the official views or policy of the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 iT A B L E O F C O N T E N T STABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER
TABLE OF CONTENTSi
LIST OF EXHIBITSii
LIST OF APPENDICESiii
PREFACEiv
1.0 INTRODUCTION11
1.1 Purpose of the Guidelines11
1.2 Definition of Safety Assessment13
1.3 Key Elements of Safety Assessments13
2.0 CONDUCTING SAFETY ASSESSMENTS21
2.1 Step 1: Identify Project or Location to be Assessed23
2.2 Step 2: Select SA Team23
2.3 Step 3: Conduct a Preassessment Meeting to Review Project
Information24
2.4 Step 4: Conduct Review of Project Data and Field Review27
2.5 Step 5: Conduct SA Analysis and Prepare SA Report211
2.6 Step 6: Present Safety Assessment Findings212
2.7 Step 7: Prepare Formal Response213
2.8 Step 8: Incorporate SA Suggestions215
3.0 SAFETY ASSESSMENT STAGES31
3.1 E Stage SA SAs of Existing (InService) Facilities32
3.2 P Stage SA Planning Stage SAs34
3.3 D Stage SA Design Stage SAs35
3.4 L Stage SA SAs Related to Land Use Developments37
3.5 C Stage SA PreOpening SAs (Construction Practically Complete)38
3.6 Other SAs at the Construction Stage39
4.0 SELECTION OF PROJECTS AND LOCATIONS FOR SAFETY
ASSESSMENTS41
5.0 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE SAFETY ASSESSMENT
PROCESS51
6.0 REQUIREMENTS FOR A SAFETY ASSESSMENT TEAM61
6.1 Core SkillSets61
6.2 Supplemental Skills62
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S iiLIST OF EXHIBITS 6.3 Minimum Team Size62
6.4 Independence of the Safety Assessment Team63
7.0 SELECTION OF A SAFETY ASSESSMENT TEAM71
8.0 FORMAT OF A SAFETY ASSESSMENT REPORT81
9.0 MONITORING AND PROMOTION OF THE SAFETY ASSESSMENT
PROCESS91
10.0 SAFETY ASSESSMENT TOOLS101
10.1 FHWA Road Safety Audit (RSA) Software101
10.2 Prompt Lists101
11.0 CHALLENGES TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A SAFETY
ASSESSMENT PROCESS111
11.1 Lack of Financial Resources to Conduct SAs and Implement SA
Recommendations111
11.2 Lack of Qualified Staff to Conduct SAs113
11.3 Lack of Time to Conduct SAs114
11.4 Lack of Trust to the SA Process114
11.5 Lack of High Quality Collision Data116
11.6 Defaulting to Excessive Design Standards116
11.7 Liability Concerns117
1.1 Key elements of the SA process14
2.1 Safety Assessment process stepbystep22
2.2 Data recommended for an SA (Typical for roadway assessments)24
2.3 Highlevel list of actions for the field visit210
2.4 Questions to be reviewed when preparing a formal response214
2.5 Principal layout of Form A “Response to SA Findings and
Suggestions”215
2.6 Principal layout of Form B “Implementation of SA Suggestions”216
5.1 Organizational structure for the SA process51
5.2 Major parties in the SA process and their roles and responsibilities52
8.1 Three basic options for the SA report82
8.2 Specific template for Format 3 of the SA report83
9.1 Followup SA team survey92 8.3 Illustration of safety risk under a partially disaggregated approach84
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 iiiT A B L E O F C O N T E N T SLIST OF APPENDICES
ASafety Assessment Case Studies
BGlossary of Terms
CFHWA Road Safety Audit (RSA) Software
DPrompt Lists
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 ivPREFACE
This document is the result of a New York State Metropolitan Planning Organization
(NYSMPO) Safety Working Group (SWG) shared cost initiative and was funded
through the New York State Department of Transportation’s State Planning and
Research grant program. The NYSMPO association is a coalition of the thirteen
Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPO) in New York State. Each MPO is
responsible for transportation planning and project programming within their region.
The SA project was hosted by the ElmiraChemung Transportation Council (ECTC).
The NYSMPO association includes several working groups which share information
and advance statewide initiatives. The SWG meets monthly to share information and
advance safety initiatives through collaboration with partners including the Federal
Highway Administration (FHWA), the New York State Department of Transportation
(NYSDOT), the Governor’s Traffic Safety Committee (GTSC), the Institute for Traffic
Safety Management and Research (ITSMR), the New York State Police (NYSP), the
NYS Department of Health (NYSDOH) and the NYS Department of Motor Vehicles
(NYSDMV). Additional information about the SWG may be found at
http://www.nysmpos.org/safety_working_group.htmlThis document was prepared for the NYSMPO Association by Bergmann Associates in
association with Synectics Transportation Consultants and EngWong, Taub &
Associates. Principal authors included F. Dolan, M. Croce, B. Malone, G. Junnor, and
O. Tonkonjenkov.ELMIRA CHEMUNG
TRANSPORTATION
COUNCILP R E F A C E
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 11 – 11.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of the Guidelines
Road Safety Audits (RSAs) are widely recognized as a proactive, lowcost tool to
improve safety at each stage in the lifecycle of a transportation facility. Todate,
numerous RSAs conducted throughout the United States have yielded positive results.
The experience of the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) with its
Safety Appurtenance Program (SAFETAP) is one of the best examples of incorporating
RSAs into a pavement overlay program resulting in the identification and mitigation of
safety concerns.
The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient, Transportation Equity Act A Legacy for
Users (SAFETEALU), the Federal Funding legislation for transportation projects
throughout the United States from 2005 through 2009, strengthened a government
program known as the Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP). The legislation
instituted a requirement for active, explicit consideration of safety on all public roads as
part of the traditional planning process and required each state to prepare a Strategic
Highway Safety Plan (SHSP). Since SAFETEALU, increased cooperation between
safety program stakeholders has improved immensely. Unfortunately, the availability of
crash location, characteristic, and condition data is still limited, especially on rural
roads. This continues to hinder efforts to improve safety on all the Nation’s roadways
for all modes of travel. With more than 75% of roads in the United States under local
jurisdiction, the application of RSA procedures to local transportation projects and
facilities has the potential to bring about substantive improvements in safety across the
country.
The release of the Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA) Road Safety Audit (RSA) Guidelines and
Prompt Lists has accelerated the implementation
of RSA processes, however work remains to
incorporate RSA concepts into the routine
activities of many transportation agencies. This is
especially true where local transportation systems
are involved. The NYSMPOs recognized that
specific Guidelines, designed to be used both by MPOs and local agencies, are needed
to support the integration of RSA processes into all types of local transportation
projects and facilities statewide.
The NYSMPOs also acknowledged that RSA processes can identify safety
improvements extending beyond the boundaries of pure roadway engineering
countermeasures. Such improvements might include reducing road user risk through
the modal shifts from passenger vehicles to mass transit, through the implementation ofSafety
Assessments
are low cost
and result in
minimal
project delay.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 11 – 2intelligent transportation systems, road user safety education, and selective
enforcement of traffic controls and rules of the road.
As the title suggests Safety Assessment (SA) Guidelines these Guidelines place
considerable emphasis on expanding the RSA process beyond roadways. The SA
Guidelines are designed for use on the local transportation system of New York State
both by MPOs and local agencies. The Guidelines are based on conventional RSA
principles as outlined in the FHWA RSA Guidelines, but tailor the process to the
conditions experienced by NYSMPOs and local agencies throughout New York State.
They emphasize a connection between the transportation planning process, multi
modal considerations, enforcement activities, safety education, and engineering
solutions.
Specific objectives of the SA Guidelines for NYSMPOs and local transportation
agencies are as follows:
·Define the subject of SAs and its key elements;
·Define a standardized stepbystep SA process to enable easy use by practitioners;
·Introduce SA stages;
·Define general roles and responsibilities for the conduct of SAs;
·Explain the SA approach to selected projects and locations;
·Define the SA Team selection process and general SA team requirements;
·Provide standardized SA report formats;
·Define procedures to promote and monitor the SA process;
·Introduce SA tools; and
·Explain how to overcome challenges to the implementation of the SA process.
The SA Guidelines are intended to assist practitioners in establishing and monitoring an
ongoing SA program within an MPO or local jurisdiction. They are also designed to
guide those conducting individual SAs. For convenience, the Guidelines are formatted
such that the most important activities are detailed in a stepbystep format with concise
writeups presented as lists of activities where appropriate. Further information on the
RSA process, from which the SA process is derived, is available in the published
FHWA RSA Guidelines and FHWA Pedestrian RSA Guidelines. The SA
guidelines
are tailored
for use in
New York
State.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 11 – 31.2 Definition of Safety Assessment
A Safety Assessment (SA) is defined as follows:
A formal safety performance examination of an existing or planned transportation
facility (e.g. road, intersection, sidewalk, multiuse path, or access to land use
development) by an independent, qualified SA Team. The SA Team considers the
safety of all users, qualitatively estimates and reports on safety issues, and suggests
opportunities for safety improvement. In the assessment of existing facilities, proposed
improvements may include but are not limited to short, medium, or long term
engineering solutions, multimodal considerations, enforcement activities, and safety
education.
The aim of an SA is to answer the following questions:
·What elements of the transportation system may
present a safety issue, to what extent, to which
users, and under what circumstances?
·What opportunities exist to reduce or mitigate
identified safety issues?
·Are there low cost solutions or countermeasures
that would improve safety?
SAs may be used not only as a safety improvement tool, but also as a project or
program generation tool. The variety of improvements which can be proposed is
versatile and broad in nature.
1.3 Key Elements of Safety Assessments
Some of the decisions that local agencies make while implementing SAs in their
jurisdictions include determining what elements to include in the SA process, what
elements are most important, and which may be omitted.
Past practice has shown that omitting key elements of the SA process renders the
overall process much less effective and may either result in a compromised process
that duplicates other processes (i.e. a conformancetostandards check) or one that
fails to add real value from a safety perspective.
Exhibit 1.1 outlines key elements of the SA process which must be present for overall
effectiveness. The exhibit may be used as a quick prompt list to ensure that an SA
program or individual SA is properly structured and conducted.Definition of
a Safety
AssessmentKey elements
of SAs
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 11 – 4Exhibit 1.1: Key Elements of the SA ProcessKey Element
of SACharacteristics of Key Elements
Formal
Examination·Scope and objectives of an SA are formally defined and known as
“Terms of Reference”.
·SA is properly documented in an SA report and officially submitted to the
Project Owner.
·Suggestions in the SA report are reviewed with the project owner and
officially documented and delivered to the SA Team and other
designated recipients.
·Actions necessary to implement the suggestions made are documented.
·Implementation actions taken are properly documented.
·SA documentation is kept in a permanent project file.
Team
Review·At least three members participate (usually not less than six members for
larger projects) with experts called in as necessary for specialist input.
·Larger teams are acceptable for SA training.
·Incorporate a variety of experience and expertise (e.g., transportation
safety, design, traffic, maintenance, construction, public safety, local
officials, enforcement personnel, firstresponders, human factors)
specifically tailored to the project.
·Include a local representative.
Independent,
Non Biased
SA Team·SA of design: SA Team members should be independent of the design
team directly responsible for the development of the original plans.
·SA of existing facility: SA Team members are ideally independent of the
team directly responsible for operating and maintaining (O&M) the
facility. Especially in smaller jurisdictions, it may be necessary to draw
some team members from the local O&M staff. This is acceptable as
long as those individuals can approach the task with an open mind.
·The purpose of independence is to avoid any direct conflict of interest,
agenda, or preexisting biases which may adversely affect the SA team’s
findings and suggestions. For example, one can achieve independence
for an SA on an existing facility by identifying an SA Team Leader
independent of the facility owner but identifying SA Team members
related to the facility owner who are not directly responsible for the
design, operation or maintenance of the facility. Engineering,
maintenance and other representatives from the agency may participate.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 11 – 5Key Element
of SACharacteristics of Key Elements
Safety Focus·SA is focused on identification of potential transportation safety
issues.
·SA is not a check of compliance with standards since compliance
alone does not assure optimal, or even adequate, safety.
·SA does not consider issues that are not safetyrelated.
Includes all
Users·SA considers all types of potential users (elderly drivers,
pedestrians of different age groups including children and the
physicallychallenged, bicyclists, etc).
·SA considers all appropriate vehicle types/modes of travel
including but not limited to commercial, recreational, agricultural
traffic, and transit access.
Proactive
Nature·The team considers more than just those safety issues
demonstrated by a pattern of crash occurrence.
·The absence of high quality collision data can be a reason to
conduct an SA.
·Locations demonstrating a higher than average crash risk may be
selected for an SA, but sites may also be selected for other
reasons (e.g., sections scheduled for pavement overlay,
reconstruction or rehabilitation). In the latter case, potential safety
issues are identified proactively.
Qualitative
Assessment·SA team uses qualitative techniques (visualization of the design
features, field visits, prompt lists, “seeing” the transportation
system through the eyes of different users, brainstorming, RSA
software, etc.) to identify safety issues.
·While crash data is reviewed (if available) it may not be a driving
force behind the SA.
Versatility of
Proposed
Safety
Improvements·The proposed improvements may include, but not be limited to:
Þshort, medium or long term engineering solutions.
Þmultimodal considerations.
Þenforcement activities.
Þsafety education.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 22 – 12.0 CONDUCTING SAFETY ASSESSMENTS
An MPO or a local agency may choose to establish an ongoing SA program or may
conduct individual SAs as needed.Exhibit 2.1 provides an overview of the SA process
as a whole. Past experience suggests that the effectiveness of the process improves
dramatically when it is well organized from the first step to the last, no important
activities are overlooked, and roles and responsibilities are clearly defined.
Sections 2.1 through 2.8 provide a concise guide to each step in the SA process and
can also be used as a prompt list of activities. Participants are referred to by general
terms including “SA Program Liaison”, “Project Coordinator”, “Project Owner”, “Design
Team”, “Traffic Engineering and/or Maintenance Team”, and “SA Team”. The role of
each party is defined inSection 5.0. Additionally, Appendix Bcontains a Glossary of
Terms. The description for each role may be specified in greater detail by each
jurisdiction to suit their own unique needs.
The following is an outline of the remaining Sections of these Guidelines:
·Section 3.0 discusses the different SA stages.
·Section 4.0 discusses the selection of projects and locations for an SA.
·Section 5.0 provides information on typical SA roles and responsibilities.
·Section 6.0 outlines requirements for an SA Team.
·Section 7.0 provides more detail on the selection of an SA Team.
·Section 8.0 discusses the format of SA reports.
·Section 9.0 discusses monitoring and promotion of the SA process.
·Section 10 overviews SA tools.
·Section 11 discusses challenges to the implementation of an SA process.
·Appendix A provides three SA case studies, illustrating the processes, challenges,
and benefits of SAs.
·Appendix B provides a glossary of SA terms.
·Appendix C overviews the FHWA RSA software tool.
·Appendix D provides highlevel and detailed Prompt Lists to be referred to when
conducting an SA.Organization
of the Safety
Assessment
Guide
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 22 – 2Exhibit 2.1: Safety Assessment Process stepbystep
Step 1: Identify project or existing facility to be assessed
As a result of this step, the project or existing facility to undergo an SA is determined
and the parameters for the SA are set.
Step 2: Select Safety Assessment Team
As a result of this step, an independent, qualified, and multidisciplinary team
suitable for the specific SA stage is selected.
Step 3: Conduct a Preassessment Meeting to Review Project Information
The meeting brings together the project owner, the design team (or traffic
engineering/maintenance representatives of the agency for the SAs of existing roads) and the
assessment team.
Step 4: Conduct Review of Project Data and Field Visit
The objective of project data review is to gain insight into the project or existing facility, to
prepare for the field visit, and to identify preliminary areas of safety concern. The field visit is
used to gain further insight into the project or existing facility, and to further verify/identify safety
concerns.
Step 5: Conduct SA Analysis and Prepare Report of Findings
As a result of this step, the safety issues are identified and prioritized and suggestions are made
for improving safety. The SA results are then summarized in the formal SA report.
Step 6: Present SA Findings
In this step, the SA team orally reports the key SA findings to the project owner and design team
in order to facilitate the understanding of the SA findings.
Step 7: Prepare Formal Response
The formal response becomes an essential part of the project documentation. It outlines what
actions the project owner and/or design team will take in response to each safety issue listed in
the SA report and why, if any, some of the SA suggestions could not be implemented.
Step 8: Incorporate SA Findings when Appropriate
This final step ensures that the corrective measures outlined in the response report are
completed as described and in the time frame proposed. Steps in the
SA Process
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 22 – 32.1 Step 1: Identify Project or Location to be Assessed
·The SA Program Coordinator (refer toSection 5.0)appointed to manage the SA
program within one or multiple jurisdictions should develop and apply an approved
policy for selecting projects or existing locations to undergo an SA. Considerations
in the development and application of a selection policy are outlined inSection 4.0.
Appendix Bcontains definitions for many of the terms used below.
·For an individual SA, the Project Owner (refer toSection 5.0) should establish a
specific Terms of Reference (ToR) document. ToRs for a specific SA may be
developed based on a standardized template developed by the SA Program
Coordinator and approved by the jurisdiction. The ToR should define:
àScope, goals, and objectives.
àSchedule for completion.
àTeam requirements (refer toSection 6.0).
àSA tasks (refer toSections 2.32.6).
àThe Maintenance Supervisor, to whom all immediate maintenance problems
(such as deficiencies requiring action according to local standards), should be
communicated directly.
àA formal SA report format, including forms to be completed (refer toSection 2.5
andSection 8.0), should be prepared and approved by the jurisdiction. This
may include statements pertaining to the ToR under which the SA was
conducted, statements ensuring confidentiality of the SA report, etc.
2.2 Step 2: Select an SA Team
The Project Owner, with the assistance of the SA
Program Coordinator, should select a group of
qualified individuals to form the SA team. This
selection may be done by committee or from a
preestablished approved list if the SA team will
be a Consultant or Subconsultant to another
professional firm. Typical requirements for an SA
team are presented inSection 6.0. Principles
involved in selection of an SA Team are outlined
inSection 7.0.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 22 – 42.3 Step 3: Conduct a PreAssessment Meeting to Review Project Information
A preassessment meeting is the most effective and efficient way to acquaint an SA
team with the project or existing facility and to discuss the scope, goals, and objectives
of the SA.
Preparing for and conducting the preassessment meeting involves the following
activities:
·Design team, traffic engineering, and/or maintenance team (as appropriate)
prepares the background data necessary for the SA in accordance with the ToR in
advance of the meeting. The type of data to be provided will vary, depending on the
SA type and stage. The data may include, but not be limited to, the data outlined in
Exhibit 2.2.
Exhibit 2.2: Data Recommended for an SA (Typical for Roadway Assessments)
Note: it is understood that not all the data below may be available.DataSpecifics
Design Criteria·Functional classification, land uses, control of access.
·Design speeds, design vehicles (for road assessments).
·List of nonstandard and/or nonconforming features.
·Justification for nonstandard and/or nonconforming features.
Traffic Data·Vehicular volume and composition on a facility being assessed
as well as those on intersecting roads and within the surrounding
roadway network.
·Pedestrian/bicycle volumes and mixes (children, elderly,
disabled etc.) on the facility being assessed, on intersecting
facilities, and within the surrounding transportation network.
·Operating speeds and points of congestion.
Environmental
Characteristics·Typical and unique weather conditions.
·Topography.The SA team
should hold a
Pre
Assessment
Meeting.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 22 – 5DataSpecifics
Documents
Showing the
Existing or
Proposed
Facility·For SAs of existing facilities: Asbuilt drawings at a suitable scale
(e.g. 1:40 US Customary, 1:500 Metric) and aerial photographs
which would be useful to have on hand during the field review.
·For planning stage SAs: Conceptual drawings at a suitable scale
(e.g. 1:1000 US Customary, 1:10000 Metric) showing all planning
alternatives, adjacent land uses, the surrounding transportation
network, connections to adjoining transportation facilities and
topography.
·For preliminary design stage SAs: Contract plans at a suitable
scale (e.g. 1:40 US Customary, 1:500 Metric) showing horizontal
and vertical alignment, typical section, connections to adjoining
transportation facilities, proposed traffic control devices, basic
ramp configurations and lane configurations for interchanges.
·For detailed design stage and preopening stage SAs: Contract
plans at a suitable scale (e.g. 1:20 US Customary, 1:250 Metric)
showing all signs, delineation, illumination, pavement markings,
lane configuration, landscaping, roadside appurtenances, traffic
signal placement, phasing and timing, and roadside barriers.
Crash Data·For SAs of existing facilities: Crash data detailing the location,
type, and severity of each crash over at least the most recent three
year period of data available. Crash diagrams and/or copies of
New York State Department of Motor Vehicles (NYSDMV) crash
reports (Form MV104 or equivalent) should be included.
·For preconstruction stage SAs on resurfacing, rehabilitation, or
reconstruction projects: crash data help identify safety concerns
and guide the recommendation of countermeasures.
·For preconstruction stage SAs on new construction: Crash data
for the surrounding transportation network are not as important.
They do however, provide insights into prevailing crash patterns
and safety issues in the study area. If several alternatives are
under consideration at the planning stage SA, crash data may help
qualitatively estimate the safety implications of the planning
alternatives.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 22 – 6·The above data may be provided to the SA team either prior to the meeting or at
the meeting. The advantage of the former is that the SA team will have an
opportunity to review the documents beforehand and be prepared to ask questions
at the meeting. The disadvantage however, is that an advance review might not be
as effective as it would otherwise be after the project has been presented to the
team. The SA team may wish to indicate to the Project Owner which option is
preferred at the outset.
·The SA team may also wish to prepare a visual (e.g. Microsoft PowerPoint or
equal) presentation outlining the scope, goals and objectives, schedule, and
conduct of the SA to assist the design, traffic engineering, or maintenance team in
better understanding the nature of the SA and how it relates to their efforts. This will
assist in establishing a spirit of cooperation between all parties.
Specifically, there should be a clear understanding amongst all parties that SAs are
a tool which help identify opportunities to improve transportation safety
performance. SAs are NOT intended as a substitute for periodic reviews of policies,
standards, or practices to assure that desired endresults continue to be achieved
(i.e. design quality, operational and maintenance objectives). They are not meant to
replace existing design quality assurance checks or standardscompliance
processes.DataSpecifics
Other
Pertinent
Documents·Maintenance histories.
·Previous SA reports and formal responses, if available.
·Minutes of public meetings, hearings, and/or stakeholder group
meetings and any agreements with municipalities or individual
property owners for the accommodation of transportation needs
(e.g. access permits, etc.).
·Listing of all relevant design standards, guidelines, manuals, and/
or publications (e.g. New York State Highway Design Manual,
Municipal Standard Details, the National Manual on Uniform
Traffic Control Devices with New York State Supplement, etc.).
·If applicable: Records of public complaints, law enforcement
observations of speeding/unsafe behavior, etc.
Presentation·Visual (e.g. Microsoft PowerPoint or equal) presentations on the
project by its design team and of the anticipated SA (goals,
objectives, scope, expectations, schedule, etc.) by the SA team
leader might be useful for the meeting.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 22 – 7In this regard, SAs areNOT:
àa means to evaluate, praise, or critique design, operations, or maintenance.
àa check of compliance with applicable minimum or desirable design standards,
since compliance alone does not assure optimal, or even adequate, safety.
àa means of ranking or justifying one project over another.
àa means of rating one design option over another (although the expected safety
performance of each planning or design alternative may be individually
assessed).
àa project redesign or a policy, standards, or practices review (although an SA
may suggest changes in policy, standards, or practices as a means of improving
safety).
àa crash investigation or crash data analysis (although the crash history of an
existing road should be reviewed as a component of an SA).
àan operational safety review of an existing facility based on a detailed,
quantitative analysis of crash data and thus highly dependent on the quality of
crash data. Low quality or the absence of crash data does not preclude
conducting a successful SA.
·Items to be reviewed and discussed at the PreAssessment meeting may include:
àIntroductions.
àScope and objectives of the SA.
àRoles and responsibilities.
àSchedule for the completion of the SA.
àLines of communication between the SA team leader, the Project Owner, and
the design/operations/maintenance team.
àSA response.
·The Preassessment meeting should conclude with all involved parties having a
clear understanding of the SA to be undertaken and the roles and responsibilities of
each participant during each task.
2.4 Step 4: Conduct Review of Project Data and Field Review
A project data review is conducted to gain insight into the project or existing facility, to
prepare for a field visit and to identify preliminary areas of safety concern. The field visit
is necessary to gain further insight into the project or existing facility and to further
verify and/or identify safety concerns. Major considerations involving the review of
project data and field visit are summarized below. Specific activities and considerations
relevant to different SA stages are provided inSection 3.0What SAs are
not intended
to be
Items to be
discussed at
the Pre
Assessment
Meeting
Review
available in
the office
before going
to the field.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 22 – 8·Plans, drawings and other project information should be reviewed by each member
of the SA team prior to and again after the field visit. The review of contract plans
and/or asbuilt drawings is crucial to understanding the interaction between a
transportation facility, its operating environment, and its users.
·For preconstruction stage assessments, the SA team should examine the design
drawings in detail, imagining how the future facility may appear from the
perspective of different users (including drivers of different vehicle types, older
drivers), cyclists and pedestrians (including those of different age groups and
abilities) as applicable. A common
approach involves the systematic review of
one direction at a time along segments of a
facility and each individual movement at
freeway interchanges or atgrade
intersections. In each case the reviewer
should imagine themselves driving on the
road or walking along the sidewalk.
·Reviews of the project data, plans, and drawings should be performed both
individually (indepth) and in a team setting (brainstorming).
·Team members may elect to use SA tools such as those introduced inSection 10.
Prompt lists may serve as a means of highlighting relevant aspects of the SA. It
may be beneficial for each SA team member to have an individual hard copy of the
prompt lists. The lists can be used to record any comments and concerns identified
both during the project data review and the field visit. Prompt lists may be sourced
and printed fromAppendix Dor the FHWA RSA software.
·If missing or misleading information is identified, the SA team should contact the
appropriate Department of Public Works, design team, traffic engineering team, or
maintenance staff to obtain clarification, ideally before the field visit is conducted.
This should be done in a cooperative manner and in the spirit of gaining a better
understanding of the proposed project.
·Field visits should be conducted as part of every SA, no matter the stage or type of
project. They are crucial to identifying safety issues on existing facilities and helping
participants to understand how the proposed construction will interact with the
adjacent transportation network and surrounding terrain.
·The SA team should conduct a nighttime field visit.There is no
substitute for
visiting the
site.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 22 – 9·Daytime visits to existing facilities should be scheduled to coincide with the most
critical period of operation. This for example could be a morning, evening, or off
peak period of traffic flow. Other factors may suggest different times of the day or
night (e.g. peaks associated with local traffic generators such as malls, offices,
schools, arenas, etc.).
·Safety of the SA team and of all facility users is paramount and should be carefully
planned for at the outset. Appropriate safety equipment, apparel, and necessary
traffic controls should be utilized. Potentially adverse impacts on traffic flow (to the
extent that they could skew observations) and the safety of the SA team must be
carefully balanced at all times.
·Approaches to a field review may vary from one SA to another. In one case each
SA team member may visit the site independently noting anything they believe is of
importance. An alternative would be to have the entire team review the site
together, discussing various issues raised by the team as they go. A combination of
these two approaches will best encourage all SA team members to participate and
not to defer to an individual team member who may be perceived as most
experienced. Yet another approach is for the SA team to move through the site as a
group but have each team member note issues individually as they encounter them.
Notes would then be discussed with the group at a subsequent meeting. Whatever
approach is chosen, it should be established up front and clear to all participants
before venturing out to the site.
·Safety issues identified during the review of
project data should be verified in the field.
·Photographs and video footage should be
taken of anything that may need to be reviewed
or revisited while writing the SA report. High
quality digital video footage permitting still
pictures to be excerpted may be especially
effective, both as a review tool and to illustrate
safety concerns in the SA report.
·The SA team should consider all possible movements for all facility users and drive,
walk, or cycle them as appropriate during the field visit. Sample general and
detailed prompt lists for the SAs of existing facilities are provided inAppendix D. A
general list of action items for a field visit may include, but not be limited to, the
items provided inExhibit 2.3.Team
members
should
experience
the site from
the
perspective of
all users.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 22 – 10Exhibit 2.3: HighLevel List of Actions for the Field Visit
·In situations where an SA team encounters maintenance, equipment, or
appurtenance problems judged to be significant, such as deficiencies requiring
action according to locally accepted maintenance standards, these should be
communicated directly to the maintenance supervisor identified in the ToR or at the
PreAssessment meeting.SA PhaseActivities during the field visit
Existing
Facilities·Drive, cycle, and/or walk through the site in all directions and on
all approaches (as appropriate and practical) to experience
multiple perspectives.
·Investigate pedestrian and bicyclist facilities particularly at points
where potential conflicts with vehicular traffic exist.
·Observe the interaction of different users with the built
environment and with each other.
·Consider limitations and specific requirements of drivers of
different vehicle types, older drivers, pedestrians of different age
groups, disabled persons, etc.
Pre
Construction
Stage·Examine how the planned improvement or new facility ties into
the existing transportation network.
·Examine how the planned improvement or new facility will
interact with adjacent communities.
·Examine adjacent facilities to identify design consistency issues
for various users.
·Examine compatibility of the design with prevailing climatic
conditions, surrounding vegetation, and topography.PreOpening
Stage·Drive, cycle, and/or walk through the site (as appropriate and
practical) in all directions and on all approaches to experience
multiple perspectives.
·Investigate pedestrian and bicyclist facilities particularly at points
where potential conflicts with vehicular traffic exist.
·Imagine the interaction of different users with the built
environment and with each other.
·Consider limitations and specific requirements of drivers of
different vehicle types, older drivers, pedestrians of different age
groups, disabled persons, etc.
·Examine the built environment for the presence of temporary
traffic control devices, construction machinery, debris, etc.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 22 – 112.5 Step 5: Conduct SA Analysis and Prepare SA Report
The objective of this step is to finalize the identification of safety issues, estimate the
level of risk associated with each issue, prioritize the issues, suggest countermeasures,
and succinctly document findings.
The SA analysis:
·Should be restricted to issues having a bearing on the safety of road users.
·May include issues relating to aesthetics, amenities, or congestion, but only if they
may adversely affect safety.
·Should not include safety issues identified outside of the project limits unless the
issue is directly or indirectly related to the project. An example would be the
potential for traffic to shortcut through an adjoining residential area.
·May use prompt lists and the FHWA RSA software as guiding and tracking tools to
facilitate analysis and drafting of the SA report
The SA report:
·In some instances needs to be written immediately after completion of the field visit
(such as with a preopening SA). Other SA reports should typically be completed
within a relatively short timeframe (e.g. two weeks).
·Should be concise.
·Should include the date of the preSA meeting and the dates and times that the SA
was conducted.
·Should acknowledge data provided by the Project Owner and/or the design team.
·Should include SA team member names along with their affiliation and
qualifications.
·Should include background information and a description of the process followed.
·Should include pictures and diagrams to further illustrate points made as required.
·Should include a map indicating the location and clearly defined project limits.Prepare a
concise,
complete, and
accurate
summary
report.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 22 – 12·Should include a review of signs, pavement markings, traffic signals, and other
traffic control devices.
·May contain references to other reports, standards, policies, or published research
pertaining to safety.
·Should be relevant and realistic. A planning stage SA should not contain a review of
signs and pavement markings or propose those as a countermeasure. A pre
opening stage SA should not contain a review of interchange configuration and
propose an alternative.
·For SAs of existing facilities suggested improvements should normally include
short, medium, and long term engineering solutions and may also include multi
modal considerations, enforcement activities, and safety education. The ToR may
require restricting suggestions to lowcost, shortterm countermeasures or
conversely, put an emphasis on expanding suggestions to either longerterm and/or
more broadlybased countermeasures (e.g. suggestions aimed at influencing modal
split or promoting improvements at a networklevel).
·Should be specific, include a brief description of each safety issue, and explain how
and why each poses a risk to facility users. The estimated degree of safety risk may
be indicated as well.
·Should avoid negative terms such as “unsafe”, “substandard”, “unacceptable”, and
“deficient”, focusing instead on “opportunities” for increased safety (“safer”).
Recommended formats of SA reports and approaches to estimate road user risk are
presented inSection 8.0.
2.6 Step 6: Present Safety Assessment Findings
Once the SA Report is published, the SA Team Leader (refer toSection 5.0) orally
presents the findings to the Project Owner and Department of Public Works, design
team. traffic engineering team, or maintenance team as appropriate. The presentation
should clarify SA findings and suggestions, ensure that findings are within the scope of
the SA, and allow for informal feedback from the Project Owner and other parties. Present
findings to
the Owner.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 22 – 13The presentation:
·May be facilitated visually using a software such as Microsoft PowerPoint or equal.
·Should be prefaced with a reminder that the intent of an SA is to identify
opportunities to improve safety rather than critique the work of a design team,
traffic engineering team, or maintenance team.
·Should start by acknowledging assistance from the Project Owner and other parties
and by sharing some “positives”.
·Should briefly overview the SA scope, goals, and objectives.
·Should describe safety issues in terms of where they are located, why they
represent a safety risk (circumstances, sequence of events), and what degree of
safety risk is associated with them.
·May use possible solutions to further illustrate the safety concern, but these should
not be cited as design recommendations or specific countermeasures.
·May show pictures or video footage to further illustrate an issue.
·May discuss approaches usually taken in reviewing and responding to an SA
report. This includes accepting or not accepting the SA suggestions and
documenting the results of the review in a formal SA response.
The presentation meeting should be accompanied by a written record (minutes) to help
avoid the appearance of arbitrary decision making. Minutes will provide background
documentation if the subsequent SA report omits certain safety issues as a result of the
discussion at the meeting. Minutes should be kept in the project file.
The SA report may be submitted to the Project Owner at the meeting or may be
finalized as needed and submitted shortly after the presentation (e.g. within two
weeks).
2.7 Step 7: Prepare Formal Response
The concept of responding to an SA report, followed by action on accepted SA
suggestions, is central to the process. It ensures that SA findings are reviewed and, if
accepted for implementation, acted upon.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 22 – 14Specifications include the following:
·The SA report is reviewed jointly by the Project Owner and design team,
engineering team, or maintenance representatives.
·The review of SA report findings and suggestions should be conducted within a set
time of receiving the SA report and is completed upon preparation of a formal
response. The review period may vary depending on staff availability and the
overall project schedule but should be commensurate with that specified in the ToR.
·Outcomes of the review and response phase may involve acceptance of the
suggestions, rejection (with explanation), or modification (with explanation). For
example, the Project Owner and project team may: agree with an SA suggestion
and act upon it; agree but decide not to act based on project constraints; or
disagree with either the safety issue or the assessment of risk and respond
accordingly. Possible reasons for not acting on a suggestion may include: physical
project constraints; property limitations; SA findings/suggestions which are outof
scope; tradeoffs between safety risks and mobility benefits; environmental
constraints; and budget constraints.Exhibit 2.4 lists questions which may be
considered when arriving at outcomes and preparing a formal SA response.
·The outcome may acknowledge that improvements will be deferred to a future
project to happen at an agreed upon time.
Exhibit 2.4: Questions to be Reviewed When Preparing a Formal Response
·Is the SA report finding within the scope of the project?
·Would the suggestion made in the SA report address the safety issue, reducing
the likelihood of occurrence and/or resultant severity?
·Will the suggestion made in the SA report lead to mobility, environmental, or other
nonsafety related issues?
·What would be the cost associated with implementing the suggestion and how
would it compare to the anticipated reduction in societal collision costs (cost
benefit analysis)?
·Are there more costeffective alternatives to achieving the same or greater safety
benefits?Regardless of
the outcome,
preparing a
response will
help avoid
liability
concerns.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 22 – 15·The decisions made, rationale behind each decision, and the actions necessary to
implement the decisions should be properly documented in the formal SA response.
·Form A (suggested layout provided inExhibit 2.5) should be filled out during the
review process. This will ensure that nothing of importance is overlooked in the
review and those decisions and the rationales behind them are properly
documented.
·Form A should be kept in the project file and may be appended to the concise
formal response.
·A letter report format, signed by the Project Owner, is an equally valid method of
responding to an SA report.
·The formal response is sent to the SA team and should be kept on file together with
the SA report.
Exhibit 2.5: Principal Layout of Form A “Response on SA Findings and
Suggestions”
2.8 Step 8: Incorporate SA Suggestions
The objective of the final step in the SA process is to implement the list of accepted
actions identified in the formal response within the documented time frame. After SA
suggestions are implemented per the formal response, their implementation should be
documented using Form B (suggested layout provided inExhibit 2.6).Issue
identified by
Safety
AssessmentAgree?If disagree,
explain whySafety
Assessment
suggestion(s)To be
implemented?
(yes, no,
partial)If yes, or partial:
deadline for
implementation
and who is in
chargeIf no or
partial,
explain whyIf no or
partial,
describe an
alternative
action, if any
1
2
3
1
2
3FORM A
Safety Assessment: [location/project name] RESPONSE ON SAFETY ASSESSMENT FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 22 – 16Exhibit 2.6: Principal Layout of Form B “Implementation of SA Suggestions”Safety
Assessment
suggestionDisposition per
Form AImplemented?If no or partial,
explain whyIf no or partial, describe an alternative action taken, if
any FORM B
IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFETY ASSESSMENT SUGGESTIONS
Safety Assessment:
[location/project name]
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 33 – 13.0 SAFETY ASSESSMENT STAGES
SAs may be conducted at any stage in the lifecycle of a transportation facility. This
includes when existing facilities are inservice, during preconstruction planning,
design, and during construction.
At present SAs of existing facilities are conducted more frequently in the United States
than any other type of assessment. This is logical, as there are generally more existing
facilities than new facilities being planned, designed, or constructed. The sheer number
of existing facilities also exceeds the quantity being studied for rehabilitation or
expansion at any given time.
SAs conducted during the preconstruction phase have the greatest potential to cost
effectively improve safety. These SAs examine a proposed facility before any shovels
hit the ground. It is easier to change a line on a drawing than it is to rebuild an existing
facility.
That said, a program of SAs on existing (inservice) facilities is relatively easier to
implement and does not involve the potential complication of project delays that often
comes along with preconstruction and construction phase SAs. This makes the SA of
existing facilities a logical starting point for their integration into the standard operating
procedure of any jurisdiction. SAs of existing facilities have other advantages, either for
an initial series of assessments being conduced by a jurisdiction just embarking on its
program or as a component of an ongoing safety management effort. These include:
1. An opportunity to generate “early wins.” Early success stories will support the
continuation of an SA program. Identifying “sites of promise”, those where safety
improvements are both identifiable and achievable, is critical to generating
momentum. If networkwide traffic volume and collision data are available, network
safety screening techniques may be used to identify candidate locations. A
jurisdiction might develop their own “topdown” ranking of sites from those with the
highest frequency of crashes to the lowest. Unfortunately, the location with the
highest crash rate is not always the same as that with the highest potential for
safety improvement.
Alternatively, by identifying “sites of promise” where there is both a “critical mass” of
collision of data and a clear pattern of crashes to be addressed, a jurisdiction can
narrow the focus of its SA program to those locations where the collision
experience is susceptible to correction by proven engineering, enforcement,
educational, or ergonomic (human factors) measures.The
assessment
of inservice
facilities is a
logical place
to start an SA
program.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 33 – 22. Existing stage SAs can be coupled with other “projects of opportunity” and may
be conducted in advance of maintenance or operations activities such as traffic
signal retiming, sign replacement, or resurfacing. In this way a jurisdiction can
take advantage of staff and resources already allocated to a given location to
help improve safety.
3. The facility is built and operating. Unlike preconstruction assessments, the SA
team need not envision how the facility will look when constructed, how it will
integrate with its surroundings, or how users will interact with it under varying
conditions. All these aspects can be readily observed and studied with a field
visit .
4. A documented history of identified operational concerns may already exist.
Operational deficiencies may generate safety concerns. The results of an SA
and a traffic operations study can be combined to develop suitable mitigation
measures.
5. There may be a history of identified safety issues documented by operations
staff or identified as concerns by users and elected officials. Addressing these
issues will be perceived as “getting something done.”
6. Existing facilities may have a documented collision record. Analysis of collision
data, if available, can provide important insights into existing and potential,
future safety concerns.
7. There may be opportunities to conduct other studies which can yield insights
into safety issues or to review the results of prior studies. These may include:
traffic control device warrant analyses, speed studies, gap acceptance studies,
floating car studies, conflict studies, and positive guidance reviews.
8. Assessment suggestions requiring maintenance, operations, or minor capital
expenditures may be quickly implemented.
9. Assessment suggestions requiring major capital expenditures can be
programmed and funded in a coherent manner in line with other projects being
driven by capacity, infrastructure management, or environmental stewardship.
A. EXISTING FACILITIES (INSERVICE) PHASE SAFETY ASSESSMENTS
3.1 E Stage SAs SAs of Existing (InService) Facilities
In contrast with traditional safety studies where the review of crash data is the driving
force behind the identification of safety issues, SAs of existing facilities use qualitative
techniques and rely mainly on site visits, asbuilt drawings, and other project data to
determine what safety issues may exist on site. For this reason, an E stage SA isE
Existing
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 33 – 3inherently proactive, identifies where crashes might occur, and considers their potential
severity. Crash data, if available, should be used to supplement any findings made as a
result of the site visit and project data review. SAs of existing facilities can be
conducted at sites with no significant crash history or where no crash records have
been kept. They may also be conducted at locations of planned projects. For example,
a roadway owner may choose to perform an SA at the site of a proposed pavement
overlay.
SAs of existing facilities can vary in scope. Six different but commonly conducted types
of SAs on existing facilities are as follows:
·SAs of specific locations;
·SAs of an entire arterial segment, freeway
segment, or roadway network;
·SAs of a specific intersection, location, feature
or design element within a transportation
corridor;
·SAs of a transit facility or onroad stop;
·SAs of a transit terminal; and
·SAs of a trail facility.
Each of the above SA types may not result only in engineering countermeasures, but
involve other initiatives such as reducing exposure to risk through the development and
improved use of other modes of transportation, mass transit, Intelligent Transportation
Systems (ITS), safety education, and enforcement.
Major considerations for existing facility assessments are provided below.
·Field visits during both the day time and night time hours are a critical component of
an E stage SA. This will allow the SA team members to experience the facility first
hand under different conditions, observe the interaction of all users and drive, walk,
or cycle it as appropriate.
·Photographs or high quality digital video footage should be taken of anything that
may need to be reviewed or revisited while writing the SA report or presenting the
SA findings to the Project Owner. Digital video footage is especially useful for the
office reviews and analyses conducted after a field visit.Considerations
for SAs of
existing
facilities
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 33 – 4·Taking into account that an assessment of an existing facility may be conducted a
considerable time after the facility was put into operation, it is important to consider
whether the facility under review still has the same function and classification as it
did when originally designed and constructed. For example, changes in traffic
volume, vehicle mix, the increased presence of nonmotorized users, or changes in
adjoining land use may have rendered the original functional classification and
design of the facility obsolete.
·When suggesting safety improvements the SA team should consider short term,
medium term, and long term countermeasures. Development of alternative
countermeasures may be appropriate. SA team members should be sensitive to the
fact than a facility Owner may view an E stage SA as a work generating exercise
and should be sensitive to the constraints, perhaps physical or budgetary, faced by
an organization or municipality. It may be helpful to review and agree upon the
scope of potential improvements with the Owner prior to conducting an SA.
B. PRECONSTRUCTION PHASE SAFETY ASSESSMENTS
3.2 P Stage SA Planning Stage SAs
Planning stage SAs provide the opportunity to make fundamental changes before
proceeding to design. In practice, a planning stage assessment may be conducted at
one of three sub stages:
·PL1 – scoping stage;
·PL2 – a set of preferred planning alternatives is ready; and
·PL3 –a feasible planning alternative (or a set of feasible planning alternatives) has
been selected for forwarding to preliminary design.
Aspects of planning stage SAs include:
·A field visit should be conducted if at all practical.
·Locations where a proposed facility may tie to the existing transportation network or
pass through existing communities are of particular interest for a field visit.P
Planning
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 33 – 5·The SA team may question fundamental decisions regarding route choice, overall
design criteria, alignment, grade separation options, and more.
·The SA team should review each of the alternatives.
·Collision diagrams should be provided if available.
·Large scale plans showing planning alternatives with principal safety concerns
plotted may be a useful means of illustrating issues and can be appended to the SA
report
3.3 D Stage SA Design Stage SAs
Design stage SAs provide the opportunity to suggest physical changes to the plans.
Caution on the part of the SA team is necessary to make sure that all design
parameters are understood. Recommendations made by the team that alter these
parameters should be thoroughly discussed with the designers and the impacts
documented.
In practice, a design stage assessment may be conducted at one of two sub stages:
·D1 – preliminary design stage with plans 30% to 40% complete; and
·D2 – detailed design stage with plans 60% to 80% complete.
During preliminary design stage SAs:
·Nonstandard features and nonconforming features should be brought to the SA
team’s attention and thoroughly reviewed.
·Where significant land acquisition is involved in the project, the SA should be
conducted before proposed highway boundaries are finalized.
·A field visit should be conducted in all cases.
·Locations where the proposed project will tie into the existing transportation network
or pass through communities are of particular interest for a field visit.
·The SA team should not question fundamental decisions regarding route choice,
overall design criteria, or layout of preliminary alternatives unless a significant,
definable error or omission is apparent.D
Design
A Design
Stage SA
should not
question
fundamental
decisions,
however it
may address
past errors or
omissions.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 33 – 6·The SA team may suggest significant physical changes for a road such as
horizontal and vertical alignment shifts, different intersection treatments, lane and
shoulder width adjustments, provision of bicycle lanes and/or sidewalks,
channelization, and access consolidation.
·When feasible alternatives remain under consideration, the SA team should review
each of those alternatives.
·If phased implementation of the project is planned, each phase should be
considered as well as transitions between those phases.
·The ability of the design to accommodate future widening, expansion, or extension
should be considered.
Detailed design stage SAs provide the last opportunity to change the design of the
preferred alternative before construction begins. Land acquisition may be finalized
during this stage and will prevent the SA team from making any recommendations
involving significant changes to alignment or typical section.
Major features of detailed design stage SAs include:
·Nonstandard and nonconforming features should be brought to the SA team’s
attention and thoroughly reviewed.
·A field visit should be conducted in all cases.
·Locations where the project will tie into the existing transportation network or pass
through communities are of particular interest for a field visit.
·The opportunities for the SA team to suggest significant physical changes are
limited, especially if land acquisitions have already been finalized.
·If phased implementation of the project is planned, each phase should be
considered, as well as transitions between those phases.
·If work zone traffic control plans have been developed, their review should be
included in the scope of the SA. The SA team may also conduct an SA of work
zone traffic control as a separate effort sometime before construction begins.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 33 – 73.4 L Stage SAs – SAs Related to LandUse Developments
Landuse developments often have an impact on the safety performance of adjacent
transportation facilities as a result of site generated traffic and points of direct or indirect
access. Existing, crossing, or parallel vehicle, pedestrian and bicycle flows, as well as
those generated by the landuse development are important factors affecting safety
performance. Some developments may create visual clutter, affect sight lines, or even
change the character of the environment from rural to suburban or urban.
Developments themselves may involve a network of access roads, driveways, parking
areas, transit interfaces, cycling facilities and sidewalks which could undergo the SA
process. This may be especially important where one or more roads within a landuse
development assume the function of or are to be dedicated as public facilities.
Not all developments must undergo SAs. International experience shows the greatest
safety benefits realized from assessments conducted on:
·Strategic (master) plans.
·Land usedevelopments of significant size (e.g., major shopping centers, parking
areas with over 50 stalls, residential subdivisions with over 20 lots, etc.).
·Landuse applications which connect directly to an arterial roadway or other
significant traffic route.
·Landuse applications generating significant numbers of pedestrians and/or
bicyclists interacting with the adjacent transportation network.
·Applications that extend the limits of a community along an otherwise rural or
suburban roadway, or to both sides of facilities carrying large volumes of through
traffic.
Developments that fit the above criteria often include gas stations, office buildings,
major commercial or industrial developments and recreational developments including
parks, etc.L
Land Use
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 33 – 8Major aspects of landuse development stage SAs include:
·Changes in facility function, classification, environment, traffic volumes, and
pedestrian/bicycle flows projected to occur as a result of the development should be
considered at the outset.
·Both a day time and night time field visit are critical to a landuse development SA.
These experiences will assist the SA team members in examining the projected
impacts, design, and mitigation plans under a variety of applicable conditions.
·SA team members should be mindful that concerns uncovered during landuse
development stage SAs may suggest mitigation beyond pure engineering
countermeasures that improve the use of mass transit. Multimodal connections,
ITS, safety education, and enforcement may also be applicable.
B. CONSTRUCTION PHASE SAFETY ASSESSMENTS
3.5 C Stage SA PreOpening SAs (Construction Practically Complete)
Preopening SAs are usually performed on newlyconstructed or reconstructed facilities
immediately prior to their opening. They represent the last opportunity for an SA team
to identify potential safety concerns before road users are exposed.
For preopening stage SAs:
·It is desirable for C stage assessments to be scheduled such that the SA report can
be presented and any issues addressed before the Contractor demobilizes. Making
changes to a facility or addressing issues after the Contractor leaves the project site
can be difficult.
·Field visits during both the day time
and at night time are critical. This
allows SA team members the
opportunity to see first hand the built
transportation facility and drive, walk,
or cycle it as appropriate. At that time
they can imagine the interaction of all
users under differing conditions.
These field visits will provide an
opportunity to evaluate the safety of
road features or combinations of
features not apparent when simply
reviewing the contract plans.C
Construction
Day and night
visits are
crucial to
Construction
Stage SAs
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 33 – 9·Nonstandard and nonconforming features should be brought to the SA team’s
attention and thoroughly reviewed.
·When available, markups of the contact plans or asbuilt drawings should be
provided to the SA team to indicate how the built environment departs from the
contract plans developed during detailed design.
·During the field visit for a road, members of the SA team should verify that all
temporary signage, pavement markings, construction equipment, barriers, fencing,
materials and debris have been removed from the facility.
·C stage assessments must be conducted relatively quickly given the costs
associated with any delay in the opening of a new transportation facility.
Opportunities to review video footage in the office will be limited. Larger SA teams
may be more effective.
·To expedite the process, the SA team may arrange for a meeting with the Project
Owner and representatives of the design and construction teams immediately after
the field visit, while onsite, to share firsthand any safety concerns identified and to
suggest improvements. This will allow the Project Owner and design team to
address the identified safety issues appropriately and minimize delays in the
opening of the facility. The SA team may then follow up with their SA report.
·Due to time constraints, the Project Owner and design team may complete their
formal SA response after countermeasures discussed on site have been
implemented and the transportation facility has been opened to the public.
3.6 Other SAs at the Construction Stage
SAs may also be conducted when construction field changes are proposed. Elements
of a design that would be modified should be resubmitted for SA prior to construction.
The SA team should be on standby during construction and review changes as they
arise when this type of SA is planned in advance. There may be a benefit to retaining
the same SA team that conducted the D stage assessment as its members would
already be familiar with the project. Specific procedures and the scope for such SAs
may be defined on a casebycase basis by the Project Owner.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 33 – 10Similar SAs may be conducted when a value engineering study is conducted. There are
also opportunities to conduct SAs of work zone traffic control plans or construction
staging plans, although these types of SAs are uncommon.
The procedures involved in C stage SAs are essentially the same as for all other SA
stages outlined inSection 2.0., however these SAs may be less intensive. For
example, a preassessment meeting may not be necessary in all cases. Specific
procedures and the scope should be defined on a casebycase basis by the Project
Owner.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 44 – 14.0 SELECTION OF PROJECTS AND LOCATIONS FOR SAFETY
ASSESSMENTS
SA programs may encompass projects of any size being undertaken at any point in the
lifecycle of a transportation facility. Policies on choosing projects for SAs throughout the
United States vary. Selection of project types are reflective of local citizen interest,
administrative input, and project costs, etc. Similarly, policies on selecting existing
facilities for SAs vary from strictly defined quantitative criteria (e.g., certain number of
highrisk intersections and segments in a jurisdiction) identified through a process of
network safety screening to areawide SAs. The latter approach often requires that all
facilities in a county, town, city, village, etc. undergo SAs within several years with a
certain proportion undergoing SAs annually. Some policies require conducting SAs on
all facilities scheduled for pavement overlay, rehabilitation, or reconstruction projects.
A word of caution is warranted here. Jurisdictions should not“overreach” with their
SA program by generating more assessments and suggestions for potential safety
improvements than may be reasonably responded to and implemented. It is
recommended that each jurisdiction, working with the Safety Assessment Coordinator,
establish a program that they can manage comfortably within the resources available.
It is important for a jurisdiction to “pace” their SA program in a manner which allows the
broader organization to digest and respond to reports and suggestions as they are
completed. Picture an SA report containing suggestions regarding an existing road,
dated two years ago, and lacking either a response report or an action plan. Now
imagine its existence is identified subsequent to a recent incident within the study area.
Defending why the jurisdiction had commissioned the report and received information
on how to improve safety in the study area yet failed to take any action within a
reasonable period of time would likely prove difficult.
Selection criteria may be simple in initial focus,
but modified in response to emerging needs,
issues, available funding, and resources. These
needs, priorities and capacities may vary over
time and programs should be regularly
reviewed and adjusted in response. Such
policies may evolve from relatively loosely
worded statements encouraging the conduct of
SAs (such as those that are common when SAsJurisdictions
should work
with their
Safety
Assessment
Coordinators
to establish a
manageable
program level.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 44 – 2are initially introduced to a jurisdiction) to project selection matrices that attain the
status of standard.
In all cases, it is beneficial to have a policy on selecting projects and locations for SAs
which reflects the specifics of the jurisdiction. Agencies should make their own
decisions about which projects should undergo SAs and when they should occur based
upon statewide, regional and/or local issues, priorities, and capacities.
Jurisdictionspecific policies should take into account and balance the following:
·The need to be proactive in managing safety on existing facilities as traffic volumes
increase, development progresses, and traffic patterns change;
·The availability of adequate crash data, quantitative tools, and qualified personnel
to identify highrisk locations in a jurisdiction (to screen for and select highrisk
locations on existing facilities);
·The opportunities presented by projects being driven by other priorities, such as
infrastructure preservation (resurfacing and rehabilitation projects, transit facility
upgrades, utility projects) or developments and redevelopments;
·The greater opportunities, at less cost, to identify and remedy safety issues early in
the planning and design process for new facilities and for facilities undergoing
expansion, including the management of traffic while staging the work;
·The “last chance” opportunities presented during construction and before the public
is exposed to the facility;
·The potential need to conduct SAs of specific facility elements (e.g. the implications
on pedestrian safety of using channelized right turns at major urban intersections or
roadside safety treatments) or planning, design, operations and/or maintenance
practices (e.g. access configurations, leading/lagging left turn phases, roadway
marking replacement program);
·Available funding; and
·Availability of trained SA teams and other resources.
Once a jurisdiction defines its policy on project selection, it may wish to supplement that
with a matrix. The matrix would assist in identifying thetypes of projects to be assessed
and provide guidance on the desirability of SAs.
Types of projects identified as SA candidates may include the following:
·Major Capital Projects (highways, bridges, interchanges, road/rail grade separation
crossings, major intersections, transit facilities, pedestrian/bike trails); Guidance on
the
development
of
Jurisdiction
Specific
Policies.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 44 – 3·Minor Capital Projects (highways, bridges, interchanges, road/rail atgrade
crossings, minor intersections, bus stops);
·Traffic control improvements, traffic circulation schemes, traffic calming schemes;
·Pedestrian and bicycle facilities (sidewalks, multiuse paths, bicycle routes or
lanes);
·Major land use development projects; and
·Minor land use development projects.
Similarly, once a jurisdiction defines its policy on project selection, it may wish to
supplement that with a matrix which guides thelocation of projects to be assessed and
provides guidance on the desirability of SAs.
Locations of projects identified as SA candidates may include the following:
·Highcrash intersections;
·Highcrash road segments;
·Locations of expressed concern to users,
elected officials, and/or partner
jurisdictions;
·Highvolume facilities;
·Locations selected for rehabilitation,
resurfacing, or reconstruction projects;
and
·Locations identified from other sources.
The degree of desirability for the various stages of SAs may be: “SA not required”, “To
be decided on a case by case basis”, or “Mandatory.”Candidate SA
Locations
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 55 – 15.0 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE SAFETY
ASSESSMENT PROCESS
Guiding the SA process within a jurisdiction involves the following principal functions:
·The SA Program Liaison may assist in the development of a jurisdictionspecific SA
program, tailor a standardized SA process to the specifics of a jurisdiction, and
arrange for institutional support, funding, training, monitoring, and promotion of
SAs. In New York State, a representative of the MPO may act as the SA Program
Liaison for their given area. A representative of one or multiple jurisdictions may fill
this role for areas not covered by an MPO (i.e. County Highway Department).
·The SA Coordinator is appointed to implement and manage a safety assessment
program within a jurisdiction. The SA Coordinator shall be trained in the SA process
and provide support to the Project Owner.
·The selection and conduct of individual SAs, at any stage in the lifecycle of a
transportation facility and according to established SA guidelines, is the
responsibility of the Project Owner within a local jurisdiction.
A suggested organizational chart for the SA process is presented inExhibit 5.1. Major
parties in the SA process and their roles and responsibilities are defined inExhibit 5.2.
Note that the identified roles and responsibilities are offered as a general guideline
only. Each jurisdiction may develop its own roles and responsibilities flowchart tailored
to their specific organizational structure and in light of special local considerations.
Exhibit 5.1: Organizational Structure for the SA processSA Program Liaison
MPO Representative or
Jurisdictional RepresentativeSA Coordinator
Representative of one
or Multiple JurisdictionsProject
Owner
VillageProject
Owner
CityProject
Owner
CountyProject
Owner
TownRoles of the
SA Program
Liaison,
Coordinator,
and Owner.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 55 – 2Exhibit 5.2: Major Parties in the SA process and their Roles and ResponsibilitiesPartyRoles and Responsibilities
Safety Assessment
Program Liaison
(MPO or Jurisdictional
Representative)·Approves SA Program
·Approves SA Program Funding
·Regularly Reviews results of the SA Program
·Supports efforts of SA program Coordinators
Safety Assessment
Program Coordinator
(Representative of one
or Multiple
Jurisdictions)·Undergoes SA training as needed and keeps abreast of the latest
procedures, developments and tools
·Develops policies on selecting projects and locations for SAs
·Tailors SA Guidelines to local specifics and needs
·Prepares the SA program on an annual basis
·Prepares proposals for funding the SA program
·Manages and monitors the SA program
·Develops templates for SA Terms of Reference (ToRs)
·Establishes selection criteria for SA teams.
·Conducts Quality Control of SAs and formal responses
·Collects and analyses SA evaluation forms (Form C)
·Prepares regular reports on the SA program for the Oversight Body
·Makes presentations to the Oversight Body as needed
Project Owner
(i.e. Village, Town, City
or County)·Tailors template ToRs for SAs
·Initiates SAs
·Selects SA teams
·Conducts PreSA meetings
·Reviews SA reports
·Prepares formal response with input from DPW / Planning / Design or
Traffic Engineering / Maintenance teams as appropriate (incl. Form A)
·Monitors the implementation of actions as per Form A and prepares
Form B with input from DPW / Planning / Design or Traffic
Engineering / Maintenance teams as appropriate
·Keeps all SA documentation on file
DPW, Design Team,
Traffic Engineering
Team, or Maintenance
Team·Prepares data for the SA team
·Participates in the PreSA meeting
·Provides additional data to the SA team as needed
·Reviews SA report
·Provides input to the Project Owner for the preparation of the formal
response
·Implements suggestions as per the formal response (Form A)
·Provides input to the Project Owner to complete Form B
SA Team·Reviews data received and requests more data / clarifications as
needed
·Participates in the PreSA meeting
·Conducts SA
·Presents SA findings orally
·Prepares SA report
·Completes SA evaluation Form C and submits it to the SA Program
Coordinator
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 66 – 16.0 REQUIREMENTS FOR A SAFETY ASSESSMENT TEAM
6.1 Core SkillSets
Core skillsets of an SA Team may include the following:
·Transportation Safety Practitioner (capability to: understand the causal factors
which may lead to crashes; identify and assess effective treatments which may
address the frequency of occurrence and/or severity outcomes of such crashes;
and training in and/or experience with SAs).
·Department of Public Works/Traffic/Transit Operations Practitioner (knowledge and
experience in the field of traffic operations; principles of traffic flow; the relationship
between capacity and demand; causes of congestion; understanding of the proper
placement and use of traffic control devices; and understanding of the impacts of
different treatments upon multimodal traffic operations).
·Designer (knowledge and experience in transportation facility design; experience
and familiarity with Federal, State, and local statutory requirements, regulations,
policies, standards and practices in design; understanding of the relationship
between transportation elements that contribute to the relative safety of all users;
and familiarity with the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines
(ADAAG) for transportation facilities that will be used by pedestrians.)
·Local Contact Person (familiar with the area under review and the transportation
safety issues experienced there; a law enforcement officer would ideally fill this role
for SAs of existing transportation facilities).Persons
selected for
an SA team
may have one
of more of the
Core Skills
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 66 – 26.2 Supplemental Skillsets
The core skill set should be supplemented by persons with additional skills and
experience as needed (such as a practitioner with knowledge and experience in an
applicable transportation mode: transit; rail; cycling; etc.) and depending on the SA
stage may also include the following:
·E Stage: The core qualifications may be strengthened with an expert in crash
investigation/reconstruction, a local maintenance representative, firstresponders,
etc. Local drivers (e.g. transit, taxi) could be approached to share their knowledge
of the existing facility and to relay their own personal safety concerns.
·P Stage: It is important to have a member experienced in transportation planning
with an understanding of the safety effects of planning alternatives, longrange
solutions, and how planning schemes fit into the existing transportation network.
·D1 Stage: It is important that the SA Team includes a design practitioner capable
of visualizing the facility being reviewed in three dimensions with all its
appurtenances.
·D2 Stage: The SA Team should include those with skills and experience in
roadside protection, traffic control device application, ITS, pedestrian, bicycle, and
transit facilities, as appropriate. Depending on project features, these skills and
experience may be supplemented by work zone traffic control, construction
(staging), road maintenance, enforcement, first response, school transportation,
highwayrail grade crossing, or other specific skills and experience.
·C Stage: The field review could be strengthened by human factors, positive
guidance, maintenance, and law enforcement expertise.
It is not necessary to include experts in all of these fields as fulltime, formal team
members. They may be called upon to advise the SA Team on matters relating to their
specialty on an asneeded basis.
6.3 Minimum Team Size
The SA team should include a minimum of three members for simple projects and up to
six members for larger projects. Larger teams are acceptable for very complex SAs or
SA training. The SA
Teams should
typically
range in size
between 3
and 6
members.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 66 – 36.4 Independence of Safety Assessment Team
The freedom, ability, and comfort of SA team members to comment frankly and openly
on potentially controversial safety issues are crucial to the success of an SA. The
purpose of independence is to avoid any direct conflict of interest, agenda, or pre
existing biases which may adversely affect the SA team’s findings and suggestions. It is
achieved by careful selection of the SA team members, as follows:
·P, D and C Stages: SA Team members should be independent of the design team
directly responsible for the development of the original plans. Sourcing an SA Team
Leader from outside of the design group (e.g., from Operations or Maintenance)
and Team members from within the design group but from those without direct
responsibility for the design being assessed, is one option for achieving
independence. Engineering, operations, maintenance, and other representatives of
the agency may round out the Team, either as participants or as advisors.
·E Stage: SA Team members should be independent of the team directly
responsible for operating and maintaining the existing facility if possible. If team
members do come from within the operating and maintaining organization they
should be open minded about the facility. Sourcing an SA Team Leader from
outside of the operations and maintenance group (e.g., from Engineering or Design)
and SA Team members from within the group but from those without direct
responsibility for the facility is one option for achieving independence. Engineering,
design, and other representatives of the agency may round out the SA Team, either
as participants or as advisors.
Other options for achieving independence may include sourcing SA Team Leaders and
members from other agencies on a reciprocal basis, accessing Federal programs such
as the FHWA PeertoPeer RSA assistance program, or engaging a road safety
consultant with SA knowledge and experience to either lead or perform the
assessment.SA Team
members
from within
their own
jurisdictions
should
approach the
SA with an
open mind.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 77 – 17.0 SELECTION OF A SAFETY ASSESSMENT TEAM
There are three basic options for selecting SA Teams. Jurisdictions may choose to
utilize one or all of these, especially during initial implementation of the SA process.
Based on initial results and as experience is accumulated, some options may be
excluded or amended.
Team selection may be done as follows:
·from within their own agency, another public agency (usually in neighboring
jurisdictions), or from within different levels of the same agency.
·as a part of the consultant selection process for planning and design projects (P, D,
and C SAs). In this case, the SA Team would be hired as a subconsultant to the
design team and compensated by the prime consultant.
·independent of the consultant selection process on planning and design projects (P,
D and C SAs). This could involve hiring only an SA Team Leader to lead an internal
SA Team or hiring an entire team through a designated selection process.
If the option of using an outside consultant team or team leader is chosen,the SA
Program Coordinator should define general parameters for selection by completing one
or more of the following tasks:
·Preparing template Terms of Reference (ToRs) for SAs.
·Establishing general selection criteria for SA Teams (e.g., 20% for project approach
and understanding, 25% for qualifications and experience, 30% for previous
performance, 15% for responsiveness and 10% for firm’s credentials).
·Compiling a list of prequalified SA consultants for planning/design projects and
requiring planning/design teams to choose an SA subconsultant from the pre
qualified list.The method
of team
selection may
vary greatly
from
jurisdiction to
jurisdiction
based on their
size.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 88 – 18.0 FORMAT OF A SAFETY ASSESSMENT REPORT
Standardization of the SA report format facilitates preparation and review. Three basic
outlines for the SA report are shown inExhibit 8.1.
Part A of the SA report format contains background data. Part B of the SA report may
be formatted using three different sorting options, as follows:
·Format 1: Identified safety issues are sorted first by topic/subtopic, then by
location, and finally by likely severity outcomes. Likely severity outcomes may be
determined using the Safety Risk concept where the severity outcomes of the
issues are estimated qualitatively by the SA team members in terms of exposure,
probability, and consequence. The details of Safety Risk are identified in Appendix
“B” Glossary of Terms.
·Format 2: Identified safety issues are sorted first by location, then by severity
(Safety Risk); and
·Format 3: Identified safety issues are sorted by severity only (Safety Risk).
Exhibit 8.2 provides a specific template for Format 3 of the SA report. The format of an
SA report is further illustrated by three case studies provided inAppendix A. Use of
the FHWA RSA software may be beneficial in ensuring standardization of SA reports. It
provides an interface for entering all data and findings and is capable of converting the
entered information into a draft SA report formatted to any of the templates described
above.
Severity (Safety Risk) associated with each suggestion may be determined using either
of three basic qualitative approaches, aggregated, fully disaggregated, and partially
disaggregated, as follows:
Aggregated approach:
Members of the SA team estimate the severity of each identified safety issue (Safety
Risk) directly, using gradations “very low”, “low”, “medium”, “high” and “very high”.
Fully disaggregated approach:
Members of the SA team estimate the severity (Safety Risk) of each identified safety
issue through the estimation of exposure (E), probability (P), and consequence (C)
associated with each issue where Safety Risk is a function of E, P, and C. Exposure isThree
suggested
formats for an
SA Report
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 88 – 2Exhibit 8.1: Three Basic Options for the SA reportDRAFT Road Safety Assessment REPORT
SA Proje ct T itle
Part B RSA findings
[ Tit le and logo (opt ional) of the projec t owner]
Header
Project Title:Da te:
RSA Team a nd Participa nts:
Ba ckground:S A P r o c e ss:SA Stage:
Foote r
Part A
Proje ct Da ta
Forma t 1: Firs t Topic / Subt opic s ,t hen loc at ion and then is s ues for
eac loc at ion s ort ed by s everity .
Ex ample:
I NTERS ECTI ONSPe de stria nsInt ers ec tion X
is s ue A (ris k = 5)is s ue B (ris k = 3)is s ue C (ris k = 1)
ntersection Yis s ue D (ris k = 4)
is s ue E (ris k = 2)is s ue F (ris k = 1)
LightingInt ers ec tion Xis s ue G (ris k = 3)
is s ue H (ris k = 2)
Int ers ec tion Zissue I (risk= 4)
issue J(risk= 1)
RS A FI NDI NGS
FORMAT 2:Firs t loc at ions and t henis s ues for eac h loc at ion s orted byseverity.
Ex ample:Int ers ec t ion X
issue A (risk= 5)issue B (risk= 3)issue G (risk= 3)
issue H (risk= 2)issue C (risk= 1)
Int ers ec t ion Yissue D (risk= 4)issue E (risk= 2)
issue F (risk= 1)
Int ers ec t ion Z
issue I (risk= 4)issue J (risk= 1)
Format 3: Issues sortedby s everit y , independent
of checklist topics andloc ation.
Ex ample:is s ue A (ris k = 5)is s ue D (ris k = 4)
issue I (risk= 4)is s ue B (ris k = 3)is s ue G (ris k = 3)
is s ue E (ris k = 2)is s ue H (ris k = 2)is s ue C (ris k = 1)is s ue F (ris k = 1)
is s ue J (ris k = 1)
Standardization
of the SA report
format greatly
facilitates their
preparation and
review.SAeach location sorted by severity.Intersection YDRAFT
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 88 – 3Exhibit 8.2: Specific Template for Format 3 of the SA reportSafety Assessment REPORT
[SA Projec t Title]Part A
P roj e ct Da taPart B
SA findings [Tit le and logo (opt ional) of t he projec t owner]Header SA FINDINGS
Issue:[ b rief is s ue t itle is provided here]Location:[ b rief loc ation desc ript ion is provided here]
Description of Safety Issue:
[Conc is e des c ription of s afet y is sue is provided here including why it is perc eived to be a ris k ]
[Photos or s c hemes are provided to illust rat e s afet y is s ue]
Road Safety Risk (optional):
Expos ure: [ use s c ale 15: very low, low, medium, high, very high]
Prob ab ility: [ use s c ale 15: very low, low, medium, high, very high]
Cons equence: [ us e s c ale 15: very low, low, medium, high, very high]
Road Safet y Ris k : [ use s c ale 15: very low, low, medium, high, very high]
Suggestion:
[Conc is e des c ription of s ugges tion to mit igat e/eliminate s afety is s ue is provided here]
[May inc lude s hort t erm, medium term, long term road engineering count ermeas ures and mult imodal
cons iderat ions , enforc ement ac t ivities , safety educ ation and engineering s olutions if in sc ope].Da te: [ beginning and end dat e of the S A]
RSA Te a m a nd Pa rticipa nts:
[SA team leader, members, affiliations]
Ba ckground:[Brief des cript ion of t he projec t , inc luding the SA s c ope and objec tives and any s pec ial is sues rais ed bythe projec t owner or des ign team, SA s tage, reas ons for projec t init iat ion, s elec tion of projec t/ loc ation
for SA, iss ues already k nown, previous SA report if any , dat a rec eived for SA et c .]
[Projec t loc ation c an be s hown on the aerial phot ograph, drawing etc . provided in t he appendix to the
SA Report]
S A P r o c e ss:
[How the projec t/ road entit y was as s es s ed t imeline, major features of t he preas s es s ment meeting,
dates , times and c ondit ions of the field vis it , use of FHW A RSA s oftware if any etc ]
SA Stage: [ planning, preliminary des ign, final des ign, land us e development, ex is t ing road etc ][Page … of …]Footer
[SA Date: … ]Refer to
Appendix A for
Case Study
examplesSAFacility Safety Risk (optional):
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 88 – 4assessed through the number of facility users expected to be exposed to the risk of
collision associated with the identified safety issue. Probability is the chance that an
individual user will experience a collision associated with the identified safety issue.
Consequence is the likely severity outcomes of any such collision. Each element of the
function is estimated using gradations “very low”, “low”, “medium”, “high” and “very
high”. The resultant Safety Risk is then estimated as a function of E, P and C using
gradations “very low”, “low”, “medium”, “high” and “very high”.
Partially disaggregated approach:
Members of the SA team estimate the severity (Safety Risk) of each identified safety
issue through the estimation of probability (P), and consequence (C) associated with
the issue where Safety Risk is a function of P and C. As opposed to the fully
disaggregated approach, Probability is defined as the chance for all road users
exposed to the safety issue to be involved in a collision associated with the identified
safety issue. Consequence is the severity outcomes of any such collision. As with the
fully disaggregated approach, each element of the function is estimated using
gradations “very low”, “low”, “medium”, “high” and “very high”. The resultant Safety Risk
is then estimated as a function of P and C using gradations “very low”, “low”, “medium”,
“high” and “very high”.
Exhibit 8.3: Illustration of Safety Risk Under a Partially Disaggregated Approach
The notation (optional) printed next to the heading “Facility Safety Risk” on page 83
under SA Findings in the SA Report refers to the use of a numerical scoring method of
assessment. The Assessment Team may choose to assess risk on a qualitative basis.
Some assessment of Facility Safety Risk should normally be provided for each issue
identified.
The Assessment Team may also choose to not suggest a mitigating measure, leaving
this determination to the design or operations team.
The points below summarize major features of an SA report:
·SA Team member names, their affiliation and qualifications, identification of the SA
Team Leader, as well as the start and end dates of the SA should be provided in
the introduction.Priority
of safety riskSeverity of crash
NegligibleLowModerateHigh
Probability
of crashes
occurringFrequentMediumMediumhighHighHigh
OccasionalMediumlowMediumMediumhighHigh
InfrequentLowMediumlowMediumMediumhigh
RareLowLowMediumlowMedium
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 88 – 5·Background information may include a brief description of the project, including: the
scope and objectives and any special issues raised by the Project Owner, design
team, operations team, or maintenance team as applicable; reasons for project
initiation; selection of the project and/or location for the SA; issues already known;
previous SA report(s), if any; and data received for the SA.
·The project location should be shown using an aerial
photograph, map, or drawing. It may be provided in an
appendix to the SA Report
·The SA process may be described including: the
timeline; summary of the preSA meeting; findings of
the inoffice review; dates and conditions of the field
visit; use of FHWA RSA software; etc
·A description of each safety issue, including: brief
issue title; brief description of location; concise description of safety issue with a
description of why it poses a risk and an estimation of severity (e.g., Safety Risk).
·SA suggestions are provided for each safety issue identified and usually include
potential short, medium and longterm engineering countermeasures. The
countermeasures may be limited to only those to be implemented in the shortterm
if required by the Terms of Reference (ToRs). In many cases the ToRs for SAs may
require expanding suggestions to multimodal considerations, enforcement
activities, safety education, and engineering solutions if those items are within the
scope of the project.
·The SA report may include statements ensuring confidentiality of the report or other
standardized statements as determined by that jurisdiction.
At the close of the report, the SA Team leader may wish to suggest that another SA be
conducted at a later time in the project lifecycle or upon subsequent changes to the
design if significant design alterations were suggested.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 99- 19.0 MONITORING AND PROMOTION OF THE SAFETY
ASSESSMENT PROCESS
It is important that the SA process is regularly reviewed. Such reviews offer a learning
opportunity and greatly aid in refining future SAs. The SA Program Coordinator should
not only conduct a review of each SA upon completion (e.g., through the quality control
process) but should also review the SA process in a jurisdiction as a whole on a regular
basis (e.g., annually). Form C (SA Team Survey,Exhibit 9.1) should be completed by
an SA Team Leader upon the completion of each SA report and submitted directly to
the SA Program Coordinator. The SA Program Coordinator should do the following:
·Review and summarize information from completed SAs and lessons learned;
·Prepare an annual report on the SA program;
·Identify SA needs; and
·Propose changes to the locally developed SA guidelines and templates.
Each of these items should be covered in the annual SA program report to be
submitted to the SA oversight body for that jurisdiction. The SA Program Coordinator
should also make presentations to the oversight body (SA Program Liaison) on different
aspects of the SA program, as needed.Periodic
reviews help
to finetune
the SA
process.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 99- 2Exhibit 9.1: Followup SA Team Survey
Project/location audited
Name of SA Team Leader
Title
Affiliations
Date
YesNoComment
W as the SA done at the correct stage?€€
W ould it have been more effective to conduct the SA at an earlier stage?€€
W as the ToR for SA adequate?€€
Did you receive sufficient data for SA?€€
W as enough time allocated for the SA?€€
W as the Preassessment meeting conducted in an efficient/timely manner?€€
Did you have sufficient support from the project owner?€€
€€
Did you use prompt lists?€€
Did you use FHW A RSA software?€€
W as the field visit effective?€€
If not, what were the issues and how could they have been addressed?€€
W as the SA team of a right size?€€
If not, what other areas of expertise should have been included on the team?€€
W hat information was most helpful in conducting this type of assessment?”€€
How would you improve the SA process?€€ FORM C
SURVEY OF A SAFETY ASSESSMENT TEAM
Did you have sufficient support from the design team or traffic
engineering/maintenance representatives?
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 1010 – 110.0 SAFETY ASSESSMENT TOOLS
10.1 FHWA Road Safety Audit (RSA) Software
The FHWA RSA software is available free of charge by downloading it from the FHWA
RSA websitehttp://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/rsa/index.htm. After review, some jurisdictions
may wish to adopt this software as their tool of choice for conducting SAs within their
boundaries. The software facilitates an optimum balance between comprehensive and
broad prompt lists allowing users to easily “switch” between different levels of detail for
each prompt list topic. The software automatically generates prompt lists suitable for
each SA stage and also serves as a guide and process tracking tool. It offers the
opportunity to input explanatory text to accompany each safety issue raised along with
discussion and an assessment of risk, thereby encouraging the SA Team to “think
through” and justify their findings. The FHWA RSA software automatically generates
draft SA reports in different formats compatible with the formats described inSection
8.0.Appendix C provides a brief overview of the FHWA RSA software, provides key
screenshots to illustrate its functionality, and provides a flowchart illustrating how the
FHWA RSA software may be used in the SA process.
The RSA software is supported by the FHWA and is updated with the development of
new SA knowledge. For example, a past update involved the integration of FHWA
Pedestrian Prompt Lists.
10.2 Prompt Lists
SA practice has resulted in the development of a variety of prompt list formats. These
range from very comprehensive prompt lists that attempt to cover every consideration
in exceptional detail at every SA stage (planning, preliminary design, detailed design,
preopening, work zone traffic control, existing facilities, land use development
proposals) to a short prompt list that includes only highlevel topics (geometric design,
traffic operations, traffic control devices, human factors, environment, and integration)
that are considered common to all SA stages.
The main challenge in using comprehensive SA prompt lists is the risk that the SA
becomes a mechanical rather than a thinking exercise. SAs should not become an
exercise in “checking the boxes” in lieu of using the lists as an aid to the application of
knowledge and experience borne by the SA team members. On the other hand, the use
of highlevel, broad prompt lists may result in SA teams overlooking specific issues. In
this case, the advantage of prompt lists as “portable intelligence” is not realized.Team
members
should not
just “check
the boxes” on
a Prompt List.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 1010 – 2Prompt lists fitting between the two extremes try to combine the advantages of different
formats. Unfortunately, they also combine the deficiencies. Taking into account the
variety of SA project types and individual preferences of assessors it is very difficult to
find an optimum solution while remaining within the realm of traditional hardcopy
checklists.
Given the potential for different preferences amongst SA team members, it might be
useful to leave the selection of prompt lists to be used for a specific SA to the discretion
of each SA team. Examples of highlevel and detailed prompt lists for SAs of existing
facilities as used in the FHWA RSA Software are provided inAppendix C. Similarly,
formatted prompt lists for each SA stage may be derived from the FHWA RSA software
itself. Each jurisdiction may opt to decide which prompt lists (e.g., lists within this
document, FHWA RSA prompt lists, Pennsylvania DOT prompt lists, FHWA Pedestrian
prompt lists, Canadian RSA Guide prompt lists, combinations of the above, etc.) should
be used. If making a selection, it should be kept in mind that the purpose of a prompt
list is to prompt SA team members to think about possible safety issues (not to “check
off” the items). Therefore, they should not be considered a replacement for the
qualifications and experience of the SA team members.
What follows is a list of “things to remember” when using SA prompt lists:
·The purposes of SA prompt lists are to help the SA team identify potential safety
issues and to ensure that they do not overlook important items.
·Prompt lists may be used by transportation designers to help them identify potential
safety issues proactively during plan development.
·SA prompt lists, even the most detailed ones, should be viewed as a prompt only.
They are not a substitute for knowledge and experience. They are an aid in the
application of knowledge and experience.
·No matter how comprehensive, the SA prompt lists are not allinclusive, nor do they
intend to cover all potential issues and circumstances.
·Prompt lists may be used when reviewing project data, when conducting site visits,
when conducting the SA analysis, and when writing the SA report.
·It is useful for each member of an SA team to have a printed copy of the prompt
lists selected for their project in hand. The information contained in the comment
fields of the prompt lists may subsequently be used to facilitate writing the SA
report.
·Prompt lists should not be appended to an SA report. SA prompt
lists help the
SA team not
to overlook
important
items,
however they
are not meant
to be all
inclusive.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 1111 – 111.0 CHALLENGES TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A SAFETY
ASSESSMENT PROCESS
There are many challenges to the implementation of the SA process, but experiences
across North America as well as internationally show that there are effective ways to
turn these negatives into positives. These experiences also suggest that
implementation of an SA program does result in cost effective safety improvements for
the transportation network that are well worth the effort. Practically all jurisdictions that
have embraced the SA process report positive results and proudly feature the SA
process as one of their key achievements in active safety management. This section
lists common challenges which may arise during the SA implementation process and
summarizes ways those challenges can be overcome.
11.1 Lack of Financial Resources to Conduct SAs and Implement SA
Recommendations
Consider allocating dedicated funding for an SA pilot program. This would help reduce
the initial cost of conducting SAs and help foster a realistic SA program from the outset.
Obtaining funding for SAs
There are different ways to obtain funding for SAs. The State of Kentucky tailored their
Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) guidelines to permit HSIP funds to be
spent on conducting SAs of existing facilities and on implementing SA suggestions.
Some states (e.g., Illinois) have indicated that the SA became their preferred analysis
tool for identifying HSIP projects. The Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT)
has institutionalized the use of SAs and the guidance from their SAs is used to direct
spending in the state’s HSIP and High Risk Rural Roads (HRRR) programs. The
Vermont Agency of Transportation is looking into the possibility of using HRRR funds
both to conduct SAs and to fund countermeasures resulting from SAs. In Virginia, SAs
are funded through the HSIP systematic funding mechanism (as the activity required to
“developing the project”). This funding source is also used to fund road safety
improvements resulting from SAs. Projects which resulted from their SAs are classified
as: Stage 1 projects (012 months, signal optimization/maintenance fix); Stage II
projects (1236 months, HSIP, CMAQ and TE projects with no additional ROW
required); and Stage III projects (36+ months, TIP with ROW requirements). In
Wisconsin, the AAA Road Improvement Demonstration Program (RIDP) dedicated
some funds to assessments of high crash locations, and has funded SAs of more than
50 intersections since 2004. There are also indications that some portion of road
resurfacing and rehabilitation funds could be used to conduct SAs and fund
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 1111 – 2countermeasures resulting from SAs.Measuring and tracking the achievements of
SAs in improving safety and demonstrating their benefits in a local context is an
important component of justifying the continued funding of SAs.
Reducing the cost of SAs
SAs are intended to be a relatively quick and lowcost exercise (typically 35 days of
work for a team of 36 individuals) mainly involving qualitative assessments of safety
risk. This contrasts positively with “road safety reviews” of existing facilities, which
involve a comprehensive quantitative analysis of collision data, the preparation of a full
report, site visits, traffic conflict analyses, the use of specialized software tools, etc. and
may take several weeks of dedicated work by a team of 26 individuals.
There are effective ways to keep the costs of SAs low. As demonstrated at the
AASHTO/FHWA Peer Exchange Program, it is possible to develop less “threatening”
and resourceconsuming SA programs as many States and local agencies have done.
For example, instead of having an SA team made up of outside consultants, it is
possible to undertake the following:
·Select an experienced Team Leader from the roster of external consultants, and
select other team members from within the organization. Of course, these members
should not have any direct conflict of interests and have appropriate qualifications
and experience as discussed in Section 6.0.
·Use a “pairing” (or horizontal) scheme where neighboring jurisdictions exchange
their internal SA teams under a “barter” arrangement to avoid any direct conflict of
interest.
·To use a “vertical” scheme where agencies at different levels exchange SA teams
within a geographical area (e.g. State DOT and County SA teams).
The options above and others may be combined to arrive at the most suitable solution
for any given jurisdiction. It should be noted that with the accumulation of experience in
conducting SAs there will be more opportunities to use local staff and smaller teams.
This trend often helps to keep the costs of assessments manageable.
Overall, the cost of SAs is dependent on: an agency’s creativity in integrating SA
activities within existing project tasks, practices and resources; and on the decision
making methodology used to set up SAs, evaluate and implement SA suggestions. In
the words of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, the costs of a successful
SA program are “very little for the amount of success.” SAs are
intended to be
a quick and
lowcost
exercise.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 1111 – 3Planning an SA program realistically
SAs programs may encompass projects of any size and can be undertaken at any point
in the lifecycle of a transportation project. Accordingly, there are a variety of policies on
the selection of projects and existing facilities for SAs. Each jurisdiction should plan
their SA program realistically, based not only on emerging safety needs, but also
considering available funding and resources (seeSection 5.0). These needs, priorities,
and capacities may vary over time and SA programs should be regularly reviewed and
adjusted in response.
11.2 Lack of Qualified Staff to Conduct SAs
SAs involve qualitative assessments as opposed to comprehensive, quantitative
“safety reviews”. The techniques of SAs are straightforward, intuitive, and are aimed at
utilizing the experience and qualifications already present within a jurisdiction.
Experience shows that one full SA training session conducted on a realworld site
where the trainees actively participate in the SA process brings participants to a level of
understanding which allows them to become effective SA team members. Participants
who have received SA training and have actively participated in several successful SAs
may be considered for the role of SA Team Leader. A regular and systematic SA
training program in a jurisdiction may quickly bring a sufficient number of local staff to
the desired level of understanding and qualification, such that an SA program may be
conducted entirely with inhouse resources.
Currently, there are a number of SA training courses available. The FHWA National
Highway Institute (NHI) offers an RSA training course (http://www.nhi.fhwa.dot.gov). In
addition, FHWA has developed a training course on RSAs specifically for Local
Agencies (http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/rsa). Many consulting companies are offering their
own SA training courses which typically combine an introduction to SA concepts and
tools with the conduct of a realworld, firstinjurisdiction SA. These courses usually
involve the full participation of agency staff.
The American Association of State Highway And Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
and the FHWA jointly offer a very useful RSA PeertoPeer Exchange Program (http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/rsa/rsa_p2p_brochure.htm) which facilitates sharing best practices,
allows those agencies with a RSA program to enhance their SA skills by conducting
assessments in other jurisdictions as peers, and provides an opportunity for agencies
who do not have an SA program to obtain the services of an experienced SA Team
Leader at no cost. Information exchange under the program allows agencies to learn
how other jurisdictions have established their SA programs, which issues were
encountered, and how they were successfully dealt with.Competent
staff for SAs
may come
from many
different
sources.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 1111 – 4Other approaches to SA training across the United States have included the following:
·Oneonone pairing between States that currently have SA programs and those
wishing to implement one with crosstraining of staff through participation in SAs
under the guidance of knowledgeable team leaders;
·Training by engineering faculties from colleges and universities;
·Participation by State safety staff in university outreach programs; and
·Participation in training programs, online presentations (webinars), and information
exchanges.
11.3 Lack of Time to Conduct SAs
The relatively short timeframe required to conduct SAs may still become an issue if
SAs are not planned and accounted for well in advance. If a project schedule
incorporates SAs at the outset, the time spent on SAs will not be perceived as a
“delay.”
It is important that owners of design projects understand the relationship between SA
tasks and other project activities and that project schedules ensure that time is set
aside not only to conduct the SA, but also to evaluate the suggestions, respond to the
SA report, and implement the accepted SA suggestions. In design projects, the earlier
an SA is performed in the project lifecycle, the easier it is to implement suggestions
without disruption to the project schedule. Lead times for changes in project scope,
rightofway acquisition, design revisions, and subsequent reviews are more easily
accommodated if they are identified early in the process.
11.4 Lack of Trust to the SA Process
In some jurisdictions across the United States there are still misconceptions about the
SA process. Some believe that it is either a duplication of an existing process or a
replacement for an existing process or tool.
Confusion of SAs with the quality control of design is the most common
misinterpretation of the role and nature of an SA. It should be emphasized that one of
the major principles of an SA is that compliance with design standards, while important,
does not necessarily result in an optimally safe road and conversely, failure to achieve
compliance with standards does not necessarily result in a facility that is unacceptable
from a safety perspective. Therefore, reviewing compliance with design standards is
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 1111 – 5not a part of an SA even though departures from design standards are usually
assessed for their safety implications. The aim of an SA is to identify elements which
may present a safety concern within the context of the design or facility inservice and
to highlight opportunities to eliminate or mitigate the safety concerns identified. As
such, SAs are neither a replacement for nor a duplication of the following:
·Design quality control or standard
compliance checks;
·Traffic impact or safety impact studies;
·Safety conscious planning;
·Road safety inventory programs; and
·Traffic safety modeling efforts.
Information sharing and education will help SAs from being mistaken for any of the
following:
·A means to evaluate, praise, or critique design work, traffic engineering practices,
or maintenance activities.
·A check of compliance with design standards.
·A means of ranking or justifying one project over another.
·A means of rating one design option over another.
·A project redesign.
·A crash investigation or crash data analysis.
·A safety review of existing facilities based largely on the quantitative analysis of
crash data.SAs are not a
check of
compliance to
standards.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 1111 – 6Finally, there is sufficient proof both in the United States and internationally that the SA
process is highly cost effective, with major benefits being achieved in the following
areas:
·Societal costs of collisions are reduced by safer facilities and fewer, lesssevere
crashes. For example, the NYSDOT has reported a 2040% reduction in crashes at
more than 300 high crash locations which received surface improvements and were
treated with other, lowcost safety improvements as suggested by SAs. Data from
the United Kingdom suggest that the assessing of highway design projects makes
them almost five times more effective in reducing fatal and injury crashes when
compared to design projects completed without the benefit of an SA.
·SAs at the preconstruction phase largely avoid “throwaway” reconstruction costs
associated with the correction of safety deficiencies that would otherwise be
identified only after a facility has been put inservice.
·Lifecycle costs are reduced since safer designs often carry lower maintenance
costs (e.g. flattened slope versus guardrail) and are less likely to require
subsequent modification to address safety concerns.
11.5 Lack of High Quality Collision Data
The lack of high quality collision data is actually an excellent reason to conduct an SA.
The SA process relies mainly on a qualitative examination of relative safety by a multi
disciplinary team (i.e. visualization of the design features, field visits, prompt lists,
“seeing” the facility through the eyes of different users, brainstorming, SA software etc.)
to identify safety issues. While crash data are reviewed (if they are available) they are
not a driving force behind an SA.Jurisdictions lacking high quality crash data
should be excited about the concept of SAs as they can support the identification of
safety issues without the need for lengthy and expensive quantitative data processing
and analysis.
11.6 Defaulting to Excessive Design Standards
There is a concern that SAs may result in project designers unnecessarily defaulting to
more generous design standards. Such concerns result from confusing SAs with the
process of checking compliance with design standards. One of the major principles of
an SA is that compliance with design standards, while important, does not necessarily
result in an optimally safe design. Therefore, reviewing compliance with design
standards is not part of an SA. Lack of high
quality
collision data
is not a
detriment to
performing
SAs.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 1111 – 7These concerns can be largely mitigated through SA education and training. Designers
should be encouraged to attend SA training sessions, both for educational purposes
and as a means of obtaining a new perspective on safety in design. They may also
consult SA prompt lists during the design process to proactively identify safety issues
that would be identified by an SA of their design and to avoid them in the first place.
11.7 Liability Concerns
Some jurisdictions are reluctant to implement an SA program because of perceived
liability concerns. Most of these concerns are caused by the fact that each SA results in
a formal SA report containing identified safety issues and suggestions on how to
minimize or eliminate them. Agencies must manage their transportation network within
a competing set of demands and constraints including mobility, safety, cost, and
environmental impact. It is not always possible to accept and implement all SA
suggestions. On that basis, it is feared that the SA report could be cited as proof that
the agency was aware of the risk and chose not to implement measures that would
otherwise have improved safety of a design or an existing road. The sections below
offer effective ways of dealing with these concerns.
General principles of defense against liability claims
SAs are conducted to identify potential opportunities for safety improvement.
Determining whether the investment necessary to realize the identified potential is
justifiable, whether in the context of the individual project or of the jurisdiction as a
whole, is outside of the scope of an SA. The responsibility for establishing and applying
justification criteria is more properly the responsibility of the Project Owner and (in the
case of a proposed design) the design team or (in the case of a facility inservice) the
operations and maintenance team.
Potential opportunities for safety improvement may be deemed impractical based on
project constraints and competing objectives or may be proven costineffective through
an explicit assessment of anticipated capital and operating costs weighed against their
anticipated societal benefits. Both of these justifications provide a defensible rationale
for declining to implement a potential safety improvement provided due diligence is
exercised and the decision making process is properly documented.
This rationale may be further strengthened if the agency has a comprehensive
framework for assessing the costs and benefits of infrastructure investments. If the
agency is capable of showing that limited project funds are invested on a prioritized
basis and where the greatest possible societal returnoncapital is achieved, then it is in
a much stronger position to defend its funding choices.Legal and
liability
information
provided in
this guideline
is not a
substitute for
legal advice.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 1111 – 8There are three critical activities that each agency must exercise when
conducting SAs to be successful in defense against liability claims. These are as
follows:
·Diligent review of the SA report and the preparation of a formal SA response as
outlined in detail inSection 2.6. Not every SA suggestion need be accepted as
proposed, or at all. Valid reasons for declining to implement an SA suggestion
should be documented and supported by an explicit analysis when appropriate;
·Timely implementation of SA report suggestions that were accepted in the formal
SA response; and
·Retention of all SA documentation on file.
A general list of actions to further reduce an agency’s potential legal vulnerability may
include, but may not be limited to, the following:
·Ensure that each SA has clear Terms of Reference (ToRs). Clear ToRs limit the
scope, study area, and the mandate of the SA Team.
·Include in the ToRs and the SA report statements which could reduce an agency’s
vulnerability to legal claims (e.g., confidentiality, goal and objectives, intended use,
etc.)
·Ensure that SA teams and staff responding to SAs are aware of their roles and
responsibilities in an SA and that they document their analyses, decisions, and
actions.
·Ensure that SAs are undertaken by competent SA teams.
·Ensure that, if applicable, safety issues raised in earlier SAs, which have not been
addressed, are reexamined where and as appropriate.
Legal provisions reducing agency vulnerability
There are some provisions in existing legislation that may be used in defense against
liability claims relating to the SA process.
The Highway Safety Act of 1973 was enacted to improve the safety of the nation’s
highways by encouraging closer Federal and State cooperation with respect to road
safety improvement projects. The Act included several categorical programs to assist
States in identifying highways in need of improvements and in funding those
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008S E C T I O N 1111 – 9improvements including 23 U.S.C. § 152 (Hazard Elimination Program, “Section 152”).
States objected to the absence of any confidentiality with respect to their compliance
measures under Section 152, fearing that any information collected could be used as
an effortless tool in litigation against governments.
23 U.S.C. § 409 (“Section 409”) was enacted to address this concern. This law
expressly forbids the discovery or admission into evidence of reports, data, or other
information compiled or collected for activities required pursuant to several Federal
highway safety programs (Sections 130, and 152 (now 148)), or for the purpose of
developing any highway safety construction improvement project which may be
implemented utilizing Federal aid highway funds, in tort litigation arising from
occurrences at the locations addressed in such documents or data. In 2003, the U.S.
Supreme Court upheld the Constitutionality of Section 409, indicating that it “protects all
reports, surveys, schedules, lists, or data actually compiled or collected for § 152
purposes”. Some States consider information covered by Section 409 as an exemption
to its public disclosure laws, but courts may not agree with this interpretation.
Some agencies put additional emphasis on the confidentiality of the SA reports. For
example, PennDOT guidelines stress that it is very important that SAs remain
confidential. Although Pennsylvania does not have Sovereign Immunity, PennDOT is
protected by a Statute that deems safety studies nonadmissible in Torts. Their
document recommends the inclusion of the following statement in Pennsylvania SA
reports:
“In accordance with PA Consolidated Statutes Title 75Vehicles (Vehicle Code) Section
3754 and 23 U.S.C. Section 409, this safety study is confidential and the publication,
reproduction, release, or discussion of these materials is prohibited without the specific
written consent of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation’s Office of Chief
Counsel. This safety study is only provided to official agencies with official duties/
responsibilities in the project development”.
Similarly, the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) accepted the practice
where SA results are reported for internal staff use only and are not available to the
public or to lawyers representing claims against the State. There have been instances
where these records were requested by outside legal counsel and to date the
information has remained at KDOT.
A survey of State Departments of Transportation conducted as part of NCHRP
Synthesis Project #336 ”Road Safety Audits” was unable to establish any specific
correlation in the application of RSAs (to new projects or to existing facilities) and
whether or not the State had sovereign immunity.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 S E C T I O N 1111 – 10NYSDOT is afforded liability protection by the doctrine of qualified immunity that has
been established in various legal precedents, as follows:
Under the doctrine of qualified immunity, the State can only be found liable for injuries
“arising out of the operation of a duly executed highway safety plan when there is proof
that the plan either was executed without adequate study or lacked a reasonable
basis.” (Weiss v. Fote; Redcross v. State, 241 AD2d 787)
This legal precedent appears to indicate that conducting SAs with proper review of the
SA suggestions and a formal response to the SA report could qualify as an “adequate
study” and “reasonable basis”. If so, the SA report and formal SA response could be
part of a qualification for immunity.
“Liability will not be imposed on a public corporation for failure to make a planning
decision which, if made, would only have involved giving the public more complete
protection.” (Schwartz v. NYSTA, 61 NY2d 955)
This legal precedent appears to indicate that a decision not to implement an SA
suggestion, with a proper justification in a formal SA response, will not expose an
agency to liability, as such a decision “would only have involved giving the public more
complete protection”.
Turning SAs into a Strength
SA reports may be used in response to tort liability suits to demonstrate that the agency
is proactively trying to improve road safety. Many litigants and their lawyers will hire an
expert witness to conduct their own safety review of the location in question. The SA
report may be used to refute or counter the expert witness’s report and to demonstrate
the public agency’s explicit efforts to improve safety at the location.
There are indications that properly structured and conducted SAs may assist agencies
in defending themselves against liability claims. A survey of State Departments of
Transportation conducted as part of NCHRP Synthesis Project #336 “Road Safety
Audits” received this response related to liability from one of responding agencies:
“Liability is one of the major driving factors in performing a good audit. It demonstrates
a proactive approach to identifying and mitigating safety concerns. When findings
cannot be implemented an exception report is developed to address liability and
mitigating measures. Our attorneys say that once safety issues are identified and we
have financial limitations on how much and how fast we can correct the issues then the
audit will help us in defense of liability…” Proper
performance
of SAs results
in a reduction
in liability,,
not an
increase.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 AA P P E N D I X A
SAFETY
ASSESSMENT
GUIDELINES
APPENDIX A
CASE STUDIES
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008A P P E N D I X AA- 1APPENDIX A: CASE STUIDIES
A series of three case studies were completed during the development of these
Guidelines. The Guidelines were used to complete each SA and prepare the summary
reports contained within this appendix. Each example illustrates the use of the
guidelines in a different part of New York State and in a different type of area.
Case Study 1: Suburban
County Road 64
Town of Big Flats
Chemung County
Conducted May 5th and 6th 2008
Case Study 2: Rural
Intersection of County Route 12 and Hatch Hill Road
Town of Granville
Washington County
Conducted May 12th and 13th 2008
Case Study 3: Urban
Intersection of 9th Avenue and West 57th Street
New York City
Conducted June 17th and 18th 2008
Road Safety ASSESSMENT (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
From Railway Overpass Easterly to County Road 35
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
Sponsored by: New York State Metropolitan Planning Organizations
Conducted May 5th
and 6th
, 2008Report dated: May 30, 2008
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 2 of 37Table of Contents
1.0BACKGROUND3
1.1SA Team6
1.2SA Process7
1.3SA Report8
1.4Study Area Characteristics, Operations and Safety Performance (Office Review)8
2.0ASSESSMENT FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS14
2.1General Issues14
2.1.1Roadway classification and functional corridor considerations14
2.1.2Lack of facilities for vuln erable road user s along CR 6416
2.1.3Side and overhead lane designation signs16
2.2.1Pavement markings and road edge delineation17
2.2.2Use of STOP signs and Stop Bars at driveways18
2.2West approach to CR 35 intersection19
2.3Driveways20
2.3.1Driveway A20
2.3.2Driveway B26
2.3.3Driveway C28
2.3.4Driveway D29
2.3.5Driveway E29
2.3.6Driveway F31
2.3.7Driveway G31
2.3.8Driveway H33
2.4Onsite Issues33
2.5Other Issues34
3.0CONCLUSION37
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 3 of 371.0 Background
County Road 64 (CR 64) in the Town of Big Flats, Chemung County (known
locally as Horseheads Big Flats Road), between the railway overpass in the west
and its connection with the Commerce Center Road in the east (Figure 1), is a
twolane arterial roadway with a largely rural crosssection and a posted speed
limit of 45 miles per hour. The roadway is under the jurisdiction of Chemung
County, with New York State DOT – NYSDOT responsible for segments located
within the functional areas of interchanges with the Southern Tier Expressway.
Figure 1 – Key MapThe subject portion of CR 64 has experienced and likely will continue to
experience significant development as adjacent lands continue to be taken up by
commercial retail uses.
This changing land use from industrial/agricultural to retail commercial has
resulted in the following:Southern Tier
Expressway/Commerce
Centre Road ConnectionRailway
Overpass
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 4 of 37· Substantial increases in traffic volumes, particularly during the weekday
PM Peak period, and on weekends;
· An increase in the presence of vulnerable road users (pedestrians and
cyclists);
· An increased crash rate; and
· A fundamental shift in the function of CR64 from a rural to a suburban
arterial.
These changes in road function and traffic characteristics are expected to
continue and to become more prevalent in the future, as development continues
along the corridor.
The decision was taken to conduct a road safety assessment (SA) of the western
portion of CR 64 (See Study Area Limits –Figure 2).
Figure 2 – Study Area LimitsSimmons
Rockwell Auto
SalesStaplesMichaels/Old
NavyCourser
MfgringConsumers
SquareFormer
Walmart
(vacant)West
Study
LimitEast
Study
Limit
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 5 of 37This decision was made in response to the following:
· Scope and pace of adjacent land development, and changing roadway
function;
· Observations regarding changing traffic volumes, characteristics, and
travel patterns;
· Introduction of new points of access and associated roadway
improvements (i.e. turning lanes, traffic control signals);
· Concerns expressed by the public and elected officials regarding their
perceptions of a safety problem (i.e. high crash potential);
· Review of crash records;
· Observations from the New York State Police regarding violations,
conflicts, and collisions; and
· Recognition by the responsible road authorities of the potential to identify
and actualize opportunities for safety improvement in the course of
responding to increased traffic volumes, access, and capacity
requirements through needed roadway improvements.
The signalized intersection of CR 64 and CR 35 (locally known as Chambers
Road) was excluded from the study area, and forms the eastern limit of the SA.
Its operation and safety performance is the responsibility of the New York State
Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), based upon it being located within the
functional area of the Southern Tier Expressway/CR 35 interchange.
The railway overpass to the west marks a transition in the function of CR 64 from
rural arterial to the west, and suburban arterial to the east, and was thus chosen
as the western limit of the SA.
Encompassed within these study area limits are numerous driveways, serving
the adjacent land uses. For ease of identification, these driveways have been
labeled alphabetically, from east to west, as shown inFigure 3.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 6 of 37Figure 3 – Driveway Identification1.1 SA Team
This was the first SA conducted by Chemung County and the Town of Big Flats.
Accordingly, a brief introductory training session was provided on the afternoon
of the first day of the assessment.
The road safety assessment was sponsored by the New York State Metropolitan
Planning Organizations (NYSMPOs) and will serve as one of three case studies
to be included in guidelines for the conduct of SAs on the local road system
within the State of New York.
The SA Team was composed of State (traffic and enforcement), County, MPO,
and Local representatives, led by members of the consultant team. The RSA
Team included the following individuals:
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 7 of 37·Jay Schissell, Elmira Chemung Transportation Council
jayschissell@stny.rr.com·Mike Perry, Elmira Chemung Transportation Council, attended training
onlymperry@stny.rr.com·Dan Connors, New York State DOT (Traffic)dgconnors@dot.state.ny.us·Vince Corona, New York State Policevcorona@troopers.state.ny.us·Larry Wagner, Town of Big Flatslwagner@bigflatsny.gov·Andy Avery, City of Elmira,aavery@cityofelmira.net·Shawn Crater, City of Elmiraccrater@cityofelmira.net·Rick Bennett, Bergmann Associates rbennett@bergmannpc.com
·Frank Dolan,Bergmann Associates fdolan@bergmannpc.com
·Greg Junnor, Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc
gjunnor@synecticsinc.net
1.2 SA Process
The SA was conducted in a manner consistent with the proposed road safety
assessment guidelines being prepared for the NYSMPOs. The assessment took
place on May 5th
and 6th
, 2008
Information reviewed in the course of the assessment included the following:
· Aerial photographs;
· Traffic characteristics data;
· Collision information;
· Traffic signal phasing/timing data;
· Adjacent land uses;
· Anticipated/proposed development and redevelopment; and
· Existing safety concerns.
Introductions and a brief assessment training session occurred in the afternoon
of the first day. The assessment team reviewed the project related information
on the morning of the second day of the assessment.
The assessment team then went into the field to conduct a site visit in the late
morning, into the noon hour. Site visit conditions were warm and sunny.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 8 of 37The assessment team reconvened on the afternoon of the second day to
complete the assessment analysis. Preliminary assessment findings were
discussed then recorded using the FHW A RSA Software tool.
The consulting team subsequently prepared this report, which was circulated to
and commented upon by the assessment team members, prior to being finalized.
1.3 SA Report
This report provides information on issues identified by the assessment team,
which they deemed relevant to the stated goal of an SA; identifying opportunities
to improve road safety within the study area.
Where appropriate, an assessment of road user safety risk, and suggestions for
improvement, are included. These suggestions should not be viewed as design
or operational recommendations. They are intended to be illustrative of potential
solutions to the safety issues identified, and are presented for consideration only.
Within this report, the findings and suggestions of the assessment team are
organized into three groups, as follows:
·General Issues – applicable to the study area as a whole;
·Development issues – pertaining to existing and proposed/anticipated
developments within the study area; and
·Driveway issues –pertaining to the individual private/commercial access
roadways, and their intersections with CR 64.
1.4 Study Area Characteristics, Operations and Safety
Performance (Office Review)
The study area is comprised of eight driveway intersections with CR 64,
referenced alphabetically as A through H, from east to west. Given the close
proximity of the driveways to oneanother, the relevant segments of CR 64 are
addressed as approaches to each intersection.
CR 64 as a corridor is addressed under the topic “General Issues”.
Traffic is characterized by nonlocal travel, as the area is a regional shopping
destination, and by nonstandard peak periods, including Saturday noonhour
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 9 of 37and weekday evenings. Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) is approaching
20,000 – considered to be very high for a twolane County roadway in this area.
Concerns have been identified with signs and pavement markings, including
inconsistencies and lack of nighttime guidance and delineation. The Simmons
Rockwell car dealership attracts nonlocals, who are then testing unfamiliar
vehicles along CR 64. Double left turns permitted at the CR64/CR 35
intersection, and at Driveway A are not common within the area, and may be
causing issues.
A transit shuttle service is provided between developments. Despite this, there is
an increasing presence of vulnerable road users (pedestrians) along CR 64.
Pedestrian and cycling facilities are largely absent along CR 64, save one
signalized crossing of CR 64 at Driveway A, which has pedestrian crossing
indications. A cycling trail is proposed from the village to the study area, but has
not been implemented.
WalMart has recently abandoned its former location and moved to new facilities
to the east. Traffic along the corridor and additional development has migrated in
response to this relocation.
There have been 100+ collisions within the corridor in the past 3 years, with 42
occurring at the CR 64/CR 35 intersection. Two significant clusters of collisions
exist within the study area, at Driveway A and at Driveway B.
Driveway A serves the Michaels/Old Navy Plaza, the Applebee’s and the Taco
Bell to the north, and the Consumers Square/Former WalMart development to
the south. It is controlled by traffic control signals and lane use designation signs
(Figure 4).
A southbound double left turn is permitted on a permissive phase (northbound
and southbound traffic receive a green simultaneously).
Northbound through and left turn movements are permitted from the left lane
only, with the right lane reserved exclusively for right turns.
Driveway A is located on the outside of a horizontal curve in CR 64. The
superelevation on the north side of CR 64 forms a crown along the north limits of
the roadway. The north approach slopes up to meet this point, and northbound
and southbound vehicles may have difficulty seeing oneanother as they
approach the intersection.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 10 of 37Pedestrian pushbuttons and crosswalk markings are provided to cross the west
approach only.
The north approach has a short throat, and limited storage capacity for outbound
traffic, and inbound movements are constrained by movements to/from the
Applebee’s/Taco Bell access, and by operations at onsite Tee intersection
immediately to the north.
Figure 4 – Driveway ACollision experience at this location indicates a mix of collision types, with no
definitive pattern.
Driveway B serves both the Michaels/Old Navy Plaza and the Staples Plaza on
the north side of CR 64, and is controlled by a STOP sign (Figure 5). The
driveway is located on the outside of a horizontal curve in CR 64, and is skewed
with respect to the CR 64 alignment. Collision experience at this location (16 in
total) is dominated by angle collisions (12) involving westbound vehicles striking
vehicles turning left out of the driveway.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 11 of 37Figure 5 – Driveway BDriveway C is identified as truck access only for servicing the Consumers
Square development, and outbound left turns are prohibited by a regulatory sign
and by pavement markings (Figure 6). Despite these restrictions, inbound and
outbound movements by passenger vehicles, including outbound left turns
(prohibited) were observed to occur. An inbound left turn lane is not provided.
Figure 6 – Driveway C
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 12 of 37Driveway D serves the Courser Manufacturing site.
Figure 7 – Driveway DDriveway E extends to the north, and provides a second access to the Staples
Plaza.Driveway F extends to the south and provides access to the Simmons
Rockwell Auto Sales (Figure 8). The two driveways are offset from oneanother
and no left or right turn lanes are provided.
Figure 8 – Driveways E and F
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 13 of 37Driveway G to the north and south serves as the main driveway to Simmons
Rockwell Auto Sales (Figure 9). A significant amount of pedestrian activity was
noted as occurring between the north and south at this location. A westbound
right turn arrow has been marked within the paved shoulder. Left turn lanes are
not provided.
Figure 9 Driveway GDriveway H, located opposite Wells Lane, serves a smallscale commercial retail
development to the south of CR 64 (Figure 10). It is understood that this parcel
has been acquired by Simmons Rockwell to accommodate further expansion.
The main driveway is poorlydefined, and lacks left or right turn lanes. Sight
distance to traffic approaching from the west is limited by the horizontal curve,
and the grade ascending to the overpass. It appears that an “adhoc” driveway
further to the east (with better sightlines to the west) has developed over time.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 14 of 37Figure 10 – Driveway H2.0 Assessment Findings and Suggestions
2.1 General Issues
2.1.1Roadway classification and functional corridor considerations
Safety Concern: Existing roadway classification (rural arterial) appears to no
longer reflect the current and likely future roadway function. The application of
rural arterial standards (horizontal and vertical alignment, auxiliary lanes, facilities
for vulnerable road users, speed limit, access design, access density, etc) and
treatment of capacity and access needs driven by new developments on a case
bycase basis does not appear to be adequately addressing emerging capacity
and safety needs.
Observations: CR 64 was, and likely still is, classified as a rural arterial
roadway. The impacts of individual development proposals, including site
generated traffic and access requirements, appear to have been addressed in
isolation from oneanother, apparently without a coherent overall plan for the
future of the corridor. This has led to capacity constraints, inconsistencies in
roadway crosssection and traffic controls, and a conflicted road “message”
which may be contributing to substantial variations in operating speeds, high
driver workload, erratic maneuvers, conflicts, and collisions. An example is the
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 15 of 37current 45 MPH speed limit which, even under offpeak conditions, was judged
by the assessment team to be excessive, given the density of accesses and
potential for vehiclevehicle and vehicle/vulnerable user conflicts within the
corridor.
Risk Analysis: Development pressures and traffic demand (exposure) are likely
to increase congestion, conflicts, and the likelihood of collisions over time.
Continued endorsement of higher operating speeds (based upon the current,
posted speed limit) may contribute to future collision severity. Elevated collision
risk has already been noted at existing driveways. Sitespecific improvements
may be possible in the shortterm, but a systemic approach is required to
comprehensively address the sources of risk.
Suggestions:The following steps are suggested:
·Reconsider the classification of the roadway on a corridorwide basis
(from railway bridge easterly to connection with Commerce Center Road
or even further to the east, if development expectations warrant), in light of
existing and likely, future development pressures and traffic demands;
·Develop a comprehensive and consistent set of design standards, access
management policies, and approaches to the provision of an environment
consistent with suburban commercial operations and suitable to use by
vulnerable road users. A more urbanized crosssection in conjunction with
a lowered speed limit, for example, would include transit, pedestrian, and
cyclist facilities, and communicate a road message consistent with lower
operating speeds and the need for increased vigilance regarding
vulnerable road users and turning traffic;
·Consider the suitability of a three or fivelane crosssection with a center
twoway left turn lane to address access density and the need for left turn
lanes. Alternatively, consider access consolidation and the provision of
dedicated left and right turn lanes in conjunction with raised islands,
physical channelization, and physical turn prohibition, as components of a
consistent corridor crosssection;
·Examine options to retrofit a consistent crosssection and impose access
management policies (access alignment/consolidation) within the portion
of the corridor currently developed/under development, and apply these
same principles to the consideration of all future developments within the
corridor; and
·Reevaluate the appropriateness of the current 45 MPH speed limit.
Priority for Consideration: High.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 16 of 372.1.2Lack of facilities for vulnerable road users along CR 64
Safety Issue: Lack of pedestrian facilities along CR 64, and at waiting areas to
cross at Driveway A.
Observations: Rural crosssection provides no dedicated pedestrian or cycling
facilities along CR 64. Pedestrian crossing area at Driveway A has a poorly
located pedestrian pushbutton in the northwest quadrant and no waiting areas for
pedestrians. Pedestrian and possibly cyclist demand in the study area is
evolving, and future planning for the corridor should take this into consideration.
Risk Analysis: Pedestrians and cyclists traveling along CR 64 must use
gravel/paved shoulder immediately adjacent to travel lanes and are exposed to
higherspeed traffic, including traffic using shoulder for evasive maneuvers,
overtaking turning traffic, or as an adhoc right turn lane. Designated crossing
location at Driveway A lacks pedestrian pushbutton access, waiting area away
from turning traffic.
Suggestion:Consider vulnerable road user facility needs in future corridor
planning. Consider upgrading Driveway A pedestrian facilities to meet ADA
requirements.
Priority for Consideration: High.
2.1.3Side and overhead lane designation signs
Safety Concern –Inconsistent usage of lane designation signs; correlation with
pavement markings.
Observations: Side and overhead lane designation signs appear to be
inconsistently applied at intersections and driveways within the corridor.
Combined with irregularities in lane arrangement, function, pavement marking
deficiencies and road edge delineation, these inconsistencies may be resulting in
driver confusion, improper lane use and erratic maneuvers, potentially leading to
conflicts and collisions.
Risk Analysis:Given the prevalence of “nontypical” lane designations and
functions (i.e. double left turns, throughleft combined, etc.), combined with
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 17 of 37increasing traffic volumes (exposure) the potential for higher operating speeds
(severity outcomes), the risk associated with this apparent deficiency is
considered to be moderate.
Suggestions –The following steps are suggested:
·Consider the appropriateness of current lane designations from a capacity
and consistency perspective, particularly those associated with driveway
approaches and changes in main roadway crosssection;
·Provide lane designation on a consistent basis;
·Provide overhead designation where appropriate;
·Ensure pavement markings are consistent with lane designation signs;
·Ensure lane designation signs are aligned with the lane(s) to which they
pertain; and
·Refurbish/alter markings as required.
Priority for Consideration –High.
2.2.1Pavement markings and road edge delineation
Safety Issue: Inconsistencies, conflicting markings.
Observations: Pavement markings indicating permitted lane usage appear to be
inconsistent and/or unsupported by lane designation signs in some instances.
Pavement markings in some areas require refurbishment. Obliterated markings
are visible in some areas, providing an inconsistent message. Inappropriate
(unauthorized?) pavement markings are present at Driveway G. Inconsistencies
and conflicting information may be leading to driver confusion, inappropriate lane
usage, and elevated risk of conflicts/collisions.
Risk Analysis: Inconsistent markings may be leading to inappropriate lane use
and conflicts between adjacent traffic streams, increasing the likelihood of
conflicts and collisions.
Suggestions:The following steps are suggested:
·Reevaluate lane configuration throughout corridor;
·Consider microresurfacing as a prelude to remarking, as required;
·Refurbish appropriate markings to enhance their visibility;
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 18 of 37·Consider road edge delineation at lane drops.
Priority for Consideration: High
2.2.2Use of STOP signs and Stop Bars at driveways
Safety Issue: STOP signs appear to be inconsistently applied at driveways.
When used, some STOP signs are obscured by site signs and/or do not meet
MUTCD retroreflectivity standards. Stop Bars also appear to be inconsistently
applied at driveway accesses.
Observations: STOP signs are provided at some driveways, but not others.
Some are:
· Poorly placed;
· Obscured by site signs or landscaping; and
· Are constructed of nonretroreflective or engineeringgrade materials (not
highintensity as required under MUTCD).
Stop bars are used inconsistently at driveway accesses.
Risk Analysis: While technically not required where a private roadway
intersects with a public road, STOP signs and Stop Bars reinforce the need to
stop and yield to traffic approaching on the public road. Their inconsistent use;
lack of visibility, and improper retroreflectivity may detract from their effectiveness
in this role, encouraging drivers to enter the public roadway without stopping.
Suggestions:The following steps are suggested:
·Apply conforming STOP signs at all unsignalized driveway approaches;
·Position signs for optimal viewing;
·Relocate obstructions; and
·Apply Stop Bars consistently with STOP signs.
Priority for Consideration: Low
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 19 of 372.2 West approach to CR 35 intersection
Safety Issue: East of Driveway A, the eastbound passing lane becomes an
exclusive left turn lane, creating a “trap lane” situation.
Observations: On CR 64, a second eastbound through lane develops
immediately west of Driveway A. The curb lane remains an eastbound through
lane east of Driveway A, while the passing lane becomes designated as an
exclusive left turn lane. Drivers receive limited advance notification of this
change in lane designation.
Risk Analysis: “Trap lane” situations may result in lastminute lane changes
and conflicts between vehicles traveling at different speeds, increasing the
likelihood of a collision.
Suggestions:Consider restriping eastbound to provide one through lane
through the Driveway A intersection, then develop two exclusive left turn lanes
and a single through lane beyond. This will have implications for the southbound
dual left at driveway A.
If eastbound traffic demand requires two lanes through Driveway A, consider
enhanced lane designation signs and pavement legends to clearly identify the
trap lane condition.
Consider requesting that NYSDOT conduct an operational safety review or safety
assessment of the Southern Tier Expressway/CR 35 interchange functional area,
and include the CR 64/CR 35 intersection in that review. Findings of the
NYSDOT review should be considered and coordinated with future corridor
planning by the County and NYSDOT.
Priority for Consideration: High (in conjunction with assessment of CR 64/CR
35 intersection and development of CR 64 corridor plan).
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 20 of 372.3 Driveways
2.3.1Driveway A
Safety Issue #1: Lack of pedestrian footpaths or waiting areas at intersection
Observations: Pedestrians are permitted to cross the west approach only. No
pedestrian waiting areas are provided in either the northwest or southwest
quadrants (Figure 11).
Figure 11 – Pedestrian Waiting Area – Southwest QuadrantRisk Analysis: Waiting pedestrians are exposed to risk of collision involving
turning traffic.
Suggestion:Upgrade intersection to meet ADA requirements.
Priority for Consideration: High.
Safety Issue #2: Placement of pedestrian pushbutton in northwest quadrant.
Observations: Pedestrian pushbutton in the northwest quadrant is on the main
span wire support pole, at the bottom of the ditch, and is accessible only over
rubble stone landscaping or by descending a grassy grade (Figure 11).
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 21 of 37Figure 11 – Pushbutton Location in Northwest QuadrantRisk Analysis: Pedestrians may choose to cross without actuating pedestrian
timings, and be provided with insufficient green time to clear the intersection,
increasing their risk of collision.
Suggestion:Upgrade intersection to meet ADA requirements.
Priority for Consideration: High
Safety Issue #3: Pedestrian crossing timings.
Observations: Pedestrians are provided with a total of 21 seconds in which to
cross CR 64. Given the width of the intersection, this appears to be insufficient.
Risk Analysis: Pedestrians may be provided with insufficient green time to clear
the intersection, increasing their risk of collision.
Suggestion:Review timings and adjust as required.
Priority for Consideration: High.
Safety Issue #4: Dual southbound left turn
Observations: The dual southbound left turn movement is permitted to operate
concurrently with northbound movements. The swept path of the outer
southbound left turning vehicle overlaps that of a northbound left turning vehicle,
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 22 of 37posing the risk of an opposing sideswipe collision (Figure 12). The outer
southbound left turning vehicle is turning into the same away lane as a
northbound right turning vehicle. Under permissive operation, the left turning
vehicle must yield. However, given the unusual nature of the operation, this may
not be evident to all users.
Figure 12 – Swept Path of Opposing Left TurnsRisk Analysis: Overlapping movements increases risk of conflicts and turning
movement collisions within intersection.
Suggestions:Reexamine operational need for dual left turns. If required,
consider:
·Split phasing northbound/southbound to separate conflicting movements
in time; or
·Geometric revisions to southbound (two exclusive left turn lanes, one
throughright turn lane, and one inbound lane) and/or southbound (one
exclusive right turn lane, one through lane, one exclusive left turn lane,
and one inbound lane) to offset the conflicting movements, with or without
the introduction of exclusive left turn phasing.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 23 of 37Figure 13 – Revised Entrance SchemeIn the interim, consider refurbishing “chicken track” markings to delineate and de
conflict the opposing left turn movements.
Priority for Consideration: High.
Safety Issue #5: Transit stopping location – northwest quadrant.
Observations: Heavy vehicles (shopper “Shuttles”? municipal transit??) appear
to be stopping on right shoulder immediately west of Driveway A. There are no
pedestrian waiting facilities at this location. The shoulder shows signs of
pavement distress, and vehicles appear to be encroaching onto the grassed area
beyond – perhaps in an effort to move completely out of the travel lane.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 24 of 37Figure 14 – Shoulder DistressRisk Analysis: Stopped vehicles may be encroaching into the travel lane,
elevating the risk of a vehiclevehicle collision. Lack of pedestrian waiting
facilities exposes pedestrians to traffic hazards.
Suggestion:Investigate shoulder usage by transit vehicles and, if warranted,
consider inclusion of transit facilities in future corridor crosssectional plan.
Priority for Consideration: Low.
Safety Issue #6: Lack of intervisibility between vehicles approaching on the
north and south approaches.
Observations: Superelevation on north side of CR 64 restricts intervisibility
between vehicles approaching intersection on north and south approaches.05/06/2008
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 25 of 37Figure 16 – Relative eye height of drivers approaching CR 64Risk Analysis: Restricted intervisibility makes judging an opposing driver’s
intentions under permissive green more difficult, increasing the risk of conflicts
and collisions.
Suggestion:Examine opportunities to reduce superelevation and/or “ramp”
driveways to improve intervisibility as a component of a revised crosssectional
design.
Priority for Consideration: Low.
Safety Issue #7:Taper, deceleration and storage length, eastbound left turn
lane.
Observation: The total length of the eastbound left turn lane appears
insufficient for taper, deceleration, and storage for a 45 MPH posted speed limit.
Risk Analysis: Short left turn lane risks rearend collisions as drivers enter the
lane at speed, and conflicts and possible rearend collisions within the through
lane as drivers decelerate in the through lane to enter the turn lane.
Suggestion:In the interim, reevaluate left turn lane lengths as a component of
pavement markings revisions. In the longer term, apply appropriate design
standards consistent with overall corridor standards.05/06/2008
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 26 of 37Priority for Consideration. Moderate.
Safety Issue #8: Inconsistent pedestrian “WALK” and “DON’T W ALK” displays
Observations: Pedestrian signals mix worded and symbolized WALK and
DON’T WALK messages. Pedestrian instructions/information provided at
pushbutton locations refers only to symbolized messaging.
Risk Analysis: Minor consistency issue.
Suggestion:Revise to consistent standard when intersection is upgraded to
meet ADA requirements. Consider pedestrian countdown timer displays.
Priority for Consideration: Low
2.3.2Driveway B
Safety Issue #1: Pattern of rightangle collisions (12 in 3 years, out of 16 total)
involving outbound (southbound) left turning vehicles and westbound through
vehicles.
Observations: North approach is skewed to the east, relative to the alignment
of CR 64. Stop Bar placement and lane arrangement does not appear to
encourage drivers to move up to optimal viewing point, or align their vehicle
perpendicular to CR 64. Crash records indicate that southbound left turning
drivers generally stop, then fail to yield to westbound traffic. Collisions appear
associated with periods of peak traffic demand, suggesting limited gaps for
entering traffic. Intersection skew, horizontal curvature of CR 64, presence of
vehicles in the westbound right turn lane, and possibly speedofapproach of
westbound vehicles make gap detection and acceptance more difficult.
Risk Analysis: Skewed intersections are associated with higher crash
frequency. Operating speeds may be contributing to higher severity outcomes.
Suggestions:As an interim measure, revise Stop Bar and lane lines to
encourage drivers to move up to optimal viewing point and align their vehicle
perpendicular to CR 64. In the longer term, consider relocating Driveway B
opposite Driveway C, and investigate possible warrant for traffic control signals.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 27 of 37Priority for Consideration: High
Safety Issue #3: Noncompliant and obscured STOP sign.
Observations: Site sign and landscaping obscure STOP sign. Stop sign is not
constructed of High Intensity retroreflective materials per MUTCD.
Risk Analysis: While technically not required where a private roadway
intersects with a public road, STOP signs and Stop Bars reinforce the need to
stop and yield to traffic approaching on the public road. Their inconsistent use;
lack of visibility, and improper retroreflectivity may detract from their effectiveness
in this role, encouraging drivers to enter the public roadway without stopping.
Suggestions:The following steps are suggested:
·Install conforming STOP sign;
·Position sign for optimal viewing; and
·Relocate obstructions
Priority for Consideration: High.
Safety Issue #4: Daylighting triangle sight line restrictions.
Observations: Site sign and landscaping obscure sight lines to approaching
eastbound traffic from stopped position.
Risk Analysis:Outbound left turning movement associated with high workload
and collisions. Improved sightlines may assist drivers in assessing gaps,
focusing more attention on westbound through traffic.
Suggestions:Relocate Stop Bar per Safety Issue #1. Relocate obstructions.
Priority for Consideration: High.
Safety Issue #5:Taper, deceleration and storage length, eastbound left turn
lane
Observation: The total length of the eastbound left turn lane appears
insufficient for taper, deceleration, and storage for a 45 MPH posted speed limit.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 28 of 37Risk Analysis: Short left turn lane risks rearend collisions as drivers enter the
lane at speed, and conflicts and possible rearend collisions within the through
lane as drivers decelerate in the through lane to enter the turn lane.
Suggestion:In the interim, reevaluate left turn lane lengths as a component of
pavement markings revisions. In the longer term, apply appropriate design
standards consistent with overall corridor standards.
Priority for Consideration. Moderate.
2.3.3Driveway C
Safety Issue #1: Usage by patrons despite usage being restricted to trucks.
Outbound left turn violations.
Observations: Patrons of the Consumers Square commercial facility are using
this driveway for inbound and outbound movements despite:
· Inbound movement being restricted to trucks by way of (poorly orientated)
regulatory sign;
· Lack of westbound left turn lane; and
· Prohibition of outbound left turns.
This activity is likely a response to internal site circulation issues, and congestion
and delay at other access points.
Risk Analysis: Usage, while a violation, does not appear to be associated with
an elevated risk of collision.
Suggestions:Reexamine justification for usage restriction and left turn
prohibition. If found to be justified, correct sign deficiencies as follows:
·Provide nearside right turn restriction sign; and
·Correct orientation of restricted to trucks only sign.
If found not to be justified, amend signs and markings as follows:
·Remove restricted to trucks only sign;
·Remove turn prohibition; and
·Mark westbound left turn lane.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 29 of 37In the longer term, consider formalization as an allusers access in conjunction
with realignment of Driveway B opposite, and possible installation of traffic
control signals.
Priority for Implementation:Low.
2.3.4Driveway D
No issues Identified
2.3.5Driveway E
Safety Issue #1: Noncompliant and obscured STOP sign.
Observations: Site sign and landscaping obscure STOP sign. Stop sign is not
constructed of High Intensity retroreflective materials per MUTCD.
Risk Analysis: While technically not required where a private roadway
intersects with a public road, STOP signs and Stop Bars reinforce the need to
stop and yield to traffic approaching on the public road. Their inconsistent use;
lack of visibility, and improper retroreflectivity may detract from their effectiveness
in this role, encouraging drivers to enter the public roadway without stopping.
Suggestions:The following steps are suggested:
·Install conforming STOP sign;
·Position sign for optimal viewing; and
·Relocate obstructions
Priority for Consideration: High.
Safety Issue #2: Daylighting triangle sight line restrictions.
Observations: Site sign and landscaping obscure sight lines to approaching
eastbound traffic from stopped position.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 30 of 37Risk Analysis:Outbound left turning movement associated with high workload.
Improved sightlines may assist drivers in assessing gaps, focusing more
attention on westbound through traffic.
Suggestions:Relocate Stop Bar per Safety Issue #1. Relocate obstructions.
Safety Issue #3: Lack of eastbound left turn lane.
Observations: Left turning traffic stops in through lane to await gaps in
westbound traffic. Through traffic uses shoulder to overtake.
Risk Analysis: Risk of rearend collisions based on eastbound traffic operating
speeds. Shoulder usage poses risk of runofftheroadtype collisions, conflicts
with outbound left turning vehicles, and conflicts with vulnerable road users on
the shoulder.
Suggestions:Consider providing left turn lane as a component of future
corridor plan. Explore opportunities to realign this Driveway and Driveway F with
left turn lanes for both driveways as a component of future corridor plan.
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.
Safety Issue #4: Lack of westbound right turn lane.
Observations: Right turning traffic slows in westbound through lane.
Westbound through traffic crosses centre line to overtake.
Risk Analysis: Risk of rearend collisions based on westbound traffic operating
speeds. Risk of headon collisions during overtaking
Suggestions:Consider providing right turn lane as a component of future
corridor plan.
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 31 of 372.3.6Driveway F
Safety Issue #1: Lack of eastbound left turn lane.
Observations: Left turning traffic stops in through lane to await gaps in
westbound traffic. Through traffic uses shoulder to overtake.
Risk Analysis: Risk of rearend collisions based on eastbound traffic operating
speeds. Shoulder usage poses risk of runofftheroadtype collisions, conflicts
with outbound left turning vehicles, and conflicts with vulnerable road users on
the shoulder.
Suggestions:Consider providing left turn lane as a component of future
corridor plan. Explore opportunities to realign this Driveway and Driveway F with
left turn lanes for both driveways as a component of future corridor plan.
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.
Safety Issue #2: Lack of eastbound right turn lane.
Observations: Right turning traffic slows in eastbound through lane.
Westbound through traffic crosses centre line to overtake.
Risk Analysis: Risk of rearend collisions based on eastbound traffic operating
speeds. Risk of headon collisions during overtaking.
Suggestions:Consider providing right turn lane as a component of future
corridor plan.
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.
2.3.7Driveway G
Safety Issue #1: Possible unauthorized roadway improvements.
Observations: Right turn arrows have been marked on paved shoulder.
Shoulder may not be structurally sufficient to serve as a right turn lane.
Pavement added to provide right turn “slips”. Is this work authorized by the
County?
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 32 of 37Risk Analysis: Minor, but there is a potential liability issue for the road authority
if unauthorized roadway “improvements” go unchallenged.
Suggestions:Clarify adjacent property owners’ authority and intentions.
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.
Safety Issue #2: Pedestrian activity.
Observations:Pedestrians observed crossing between north and south side of
CR 64.
Risk Analysis:Road users, particularly those traveling eastbound, may not
expect to encounter pedestrians in the roadway. Given the prevailing operating
speeds, this could result in a highseverity outcome.
Suggestion:Consider warning signs to advise eastbound (and possibly
westbound road users of pedestrian activity associated with this access. Monitor
activity for potential warrant for traffic control to provide assured pedestrian
crossing opportunities (e.g. HighVisibility Crosswalk).
Priority for Consideration:High.
Safety Issue #3: Lack of left turn lanes.
Observations: Simmons Rockwell has expanded incrementally, and is currently
undergoing a further expansion. This is likely to increase sitegenerated traffic.
Left turning traffic stops in through lane to await gaps in opposing traffic.
Through traffic uses shoulder to overtake.
Risk Analysis: Risk of rearend collisions based on operating speeds.
Shoulder usage poses risk of runofftheroadtype collisions, conflicts with
outbound left turning vehicles, and conflicts with vulnerable road users on the
shoulder.
Suggestions: Consider providing left turn lanes as a component of future
corridor plan.
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 33 of 372.3.8Driveway H
Safety Issue: Proximity to horizontal and vertical curve to the west.
Observations: Eastbound traffic is descending the grade from the railway
overpass at 45+ MPH. Road users entering CR 64 have difficulty seeing traffic
approaching from the west. An informal driveway further to the east has
apparently developed over time, possibly in response to this issue.
Risk Analysis: Restricted sightlines pose an elevated risk of higherseverity
angletype collisions, involving northbound to westbound left turning vehicles and
eastbound through vehicles.
Suggestion: Consider closing westerly driveway and formalizing a consolidated
driveway further to the east, opposite Wells Lane and provide left (and possibly
right) turn lanes as a component of future corridor plan.
Priority for Consideration: Low.
2.4 Onsite Issues
During the safety assessment, a number of issues pertaining to road user safety
were identified pertaining to onsite traffic movements. They are as follows:
Safety Issue #1: Most, if not all of the developments within the study area lack
pedestrian facilities to provide access to stores from CR 64.
Observations: Pedestrians are forced to walk amongst traffic and between rows
of parked vehicles to access store entrances.
Risk Analysis: Pedestrians are exposed to vehicular traffic along driveways, and
move along random desire lines from parking areas to store entrances,
increasing the likelihood of vehiclepedestrian conflicts and collisions.
Suggestion:In consultation with developers/property owners, examine
opportunities to retrofit pedestrian facilities within adjacent developments, and
provide secure pedestrian corridors between parking areas and entrances.
Review and comment on pedestrian safety and onsite circulation issues as a
component of future development approvals.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 34 of 37Priority for Consideration: Existing Issue – Moderate, Future Issues High.
Safety Issue #2: Michaels/Old Navy Plaza parking layout and entrance design.
Observations: The parking layout has the first two rows of parked vehicles
oriented parallel to the front of the stores, along the main isle. This results in
vehicles backing into the isle to exit stalls, conflicting with vehicles traveling along
the isle and pedestrians crossing to and from the parking area. The columns
along the front of the covered entrances to the stores obscure approaching
drivers’ views of pedestrians exiting the stores and stepping into the main isle.
Risk Analysis: The orientation of the first two rows of parking, the placement of
the main access isle immediately in front of the stores, and the sight restriction
posed by the building’s architecture increase the likelihood of vehiclevehicle and
vehiclepedestrian conflicts and collisions.
Suggestion:In consultation with developers/property owners, consider revising
the parking layout to provide perpendicular parking stalls, and to direct the
majority of vehicle movements away from the isle immediately in front of the
stores. Review and comment on pedestrian safety and onsite circulation issues
as a component of future development approvals.
Priority for Consideration: Existing Issues – Low, Future Issues – High.
2.5 Other Issues
During the safety assessment, other miscellaneous issues pertaining to road
user safety were identified. They are as follows:
Safety Issue #1: There is a school bus stop ahead sign, for eastbound traffic,
located immediately east of railway overpass.
Observation: This sign is present. However, there does not appear to be any
residential uses in the vicinity.
Risk Analysis: Minimal.
Suggestion:Review continuing requirement for sign, and remove if no longer
necessary.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 35 of 37Priority for Consideration: Low.
Safety Issue #2: Plant (Trucks) Entrance sign for westbound traffic upstream of
Driveways C and D.
Observations: Volume of heavy trucks using these accesses likely does not
warrant presence of this sign.
Risk Analysis: Minimal.
Suggestion:Revisit warrant for sign, and remove if unwarranted.
Priority for Consideration: Low.
Safety Issue #3: Utility pole in clear zone on north side of CR 64 between
Driveway B and Driveway E.
Observation: This pole is located immediately behind the shoulder at a
significantly lesser offset that other poles in the corridor.
Risk Analysis: Pole appears to represent a fixed object hazard within the
roadway clear zone, with increased likelihood of collision in the event of a vehicle
drifting to the outside of the curve or undertaking an evasive maneuver. There is
an increased potential for a higher severity outcome if pole is struck, relative to
vehicle entering ditch.
Suggestion:Relocate pole outside of clear zone as a component of future
corridor plan.
Priority for Consideration: Low (may be considered along with other cross
sectional improvements).
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 36 of 37Safety Issue #4: Vertical culvert headwalls.
Observations: Several ditch inlets under driveways were noted to employ
vertical culvert headwalls. These headwalls may constitute a roadside hazard if
struck by an errant vehicle.
Risk Analysis: Vertical headwalls may increase the severity outcomes of run
offtheroadtype collisions.
Suggestion:Address these potential hazards in future corridor plan.
Priority for Consideration: Low.
Safety Concern #5: Peak period/night operations review.
Observations: The assessment team was not able to conduct a PM or weekend
peak period review, or a night review, due to time constraints.
Suggestion:Observation of peak period operations may yield additional insights
into collision causal factors and safety issues. A night review is suggested as
part of the assessment response process. The night review should examine
illumination needs; sign, delineation and pavement marking retroreflectivity; and
light trespass/glare issues pertaining to the adjacent commercial developments.
Priority for Consideration:High.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
County Road 64 – Horseheads Big Flats Road
Town of Big Flats, Chemung County, New York State
May 30, 2008
Page 37 of 373.0 Conclusion
This assessment has been prepared to assist the responsible road authorities in
the identification and actualization of opportunities to improve safety within the
study area. The assessment is based on information available at the time of the
field review. The suggestions it contains are for consideration only, and are in no
way intended to serve as design or operational recommendations.
This report does not preclude the identification of additional issues pertaining to
safety by the responsible road authorities, or the emergence of new issues over
time.
It is recommended that the responsible road authorities review this report;
document their responses to the issues identified in a formal response report;
and track their progress towards the implementation of safety improvements
prompted by this assessment.
Road Safety ASSESSMENT (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville
Washington County
New York State
Sponsored by: New York State Metropolitan Planning Organizations
Assessment Conducted May 12th
and 13th
, 2008
Final Report Date: July 22, 200805/13/0805/13/0805/13/08200 First Federal Plaza28 East Main Street
Rochester, NY 14614
585.232.5235www.bergmannpc.comPrepared By:In Association With:
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 2 of 19Table of Contents
1.0BACKGROUND3
1.1SA Team4
1.2SA Process5
1.3SA Report5
1.4Study Area Characteristics, Operations, and Safety Performance (Office Review)6
2.0ASSESSMENT FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS7
2.1Approaching Roadway Issues7
2.1.1CR 12 North Approach7
2.1.2CR 12 South Approach11
2.1.3Hatch Hill Road13
2.2Intersection and Intersectionrelated Issues14
3.0CONCLUSION18
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 3 of 191.0 Background
Washington County Route 12 (CR 12) extends northerly from New York State
(NYS) Route 22 in the south to the Town of Whitehall in the north. CR 12 is an
asphalt surfaced, rural collector roadway with a twolane rural crosssection and
a statutory speed limit of 55 miles per hour. Adjacent land uses within the study
area are generally rural residential and agricultural.
Approximately 1.5 miles north of NYS Route 22, CR 12 intersects with Hatch Hill
Road (South Junction), an asphalt surfaced, rural local roadway with a twolane
crosssection and posted speed limit of 45 miles per hour (Figure 1). Adjacent
land uses within the study area are generally rural residential and agricultural.
Hatch Hill Road is under the jurisdiction of the Town of Granville.
Viewed from the south, the two roadways form a “Y” intersection with CR 12
bearing off to the northwest and Hatch Hill Road bearing off to the northeast.
The Hatch Hill Road approach to CR 12 is controlled by a STOP sign.
Figure 1 – Study Location MapStudy LocationNORTH
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 4 of 19The CR 12/Hatch Hill Road (South Junction) intersection and its approaching
roadways were selected for a safety assessment (SA) based upon a network
safety screening of County and municipal roadways. The results of that
screening identified both the subject intersection and the adjacent roadway
segment of CR 12 to the north as having a higherthanexpected collision
frequency
1.1 SA Team
This was the first SA conducted by Washington County in association with the
Adirondack Glens Falls Transportation Council (AGFTC). As such, a brief
introductory training session was provided on the afternoon of the first day of the
assessment.
This SA was sponsored by the New York State Metropolitan Planning
Organizations (NYSMPOs) and will serve as one of three case studies to be
included in guidelines for the conduct of SAs on locally owned and maintained
transportation facilities throughout New York State.
The SA Team was comprised of Washington County Department of Public Works
(DPW) and NYSMPO representatives along with two members from the
consultant team leading the development of the SA guide.
The SA Team included the following individuals:
·Aaron Frankenfeld, AGFTC,afrankenfeld@agftc.org·Kristina Hong, AGFTC,khong@agftc.org·Scott Tracy, Washington County DPW,stracy@co.washington.ny.us·Richard Doyle, Washington County DPW,ddoyle@co.washington.ny.us·Michael Breault, Washington County DPW,mbreault@co.washington.ny.us·Mike Croce,Bergmann Associatesmcroce@bergmannpc.com·Greg Junnor, Synectics Transportation Consultants,gjunnor@synecticsinc.net
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 5 of 191.2 SA Process
The SA was conducted in a manner consistent with the proposed safety
assessment guidelines being prepared for the NYSMPOs. The assessment took
place on May 12th
and 13th
, 2008.
Information reviewed during the course of the assessment included the following:
· Aerial photographs;
· Traffic volume data;
· Collision information;
· Adjacent land uses; and
· Existing safety concerns.
This information was reviewed by the assessment team on the morning of the
second day of the assessment. The assessment team then went into the field to
conduct a site visit. This visit began in the late morning and extended into the
noon hour. Site visit conditions were warm and sunny.
The assessment team reconvened on the afternoon of the second day to
complete the assessment analysis. Preliminary assessment findings were
discussed then recorded using the FHW A Road Safety Audit (RSA) Software.
This report was subsequently prepared by the consultant team and circulated
among the assessment team members for review and comment prior to being
finalized.
1.3 SA Report
This report provides information on issues identified by the assessment team
which were deemed relevant to the stated goal of an SA; “identifying
opportunities to improve road safety within the study area.”
Where appropriate, an assessment of road user safety risk and suggestions for
improvement are included. High, medium, and low priority designations are
provided as a means for the reader to gauge the Assessment Team’s opinion on
what improvements should be considered in the near term and which could be
held off until others have been completed or tried.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 6 of 19The suggestions provided in this document should not be viewed as design or
operational recommendations. They are intended to be illustrative of potential
solutions to the safety issues identified and are presented for consideration only.
Within this report the findings and suggestions of the assessment team are
organized into two groups:
·Approaching Roadway Issues – pertaining to the approaching roadways
but not directly related to the intersection; and
·Intersection and Intersectionrelated Issues – pertaining to the
intersection of CR 12 and Hatch Hill Road.
1.4 Study Area Characteristics, Operations, and Safety
Performance (Office Review)
CR 12 within the study area carries an annual average daily traffic (AADT) of 919
vehicles south of Hatch Hill Road, and 606 vehicles north of Hatch Hill Road.
Hatch Hill Road carries an AADT of 313 vehicles.
Vehicle types include passenger vehicles, farmrelated truck traffic, and farm
equipment. An informal review of license plates indicates a substantial number
of outofstate (Vermont) license plates, suggesting nonlocal users. A maple
sugar house, located on Hatch Hill Road, draws tourists during the spring
“sugaringoff” season. There is new development (rural acreages) being
constructed on Hatch Hill Road northeast of the study area intersection.
The Hatch Hill Road approach is STOP (R11) controlled. There is anecdotal
evidence that this approach may have been controlled by a YIELD (R12) sign in
the past.
Collision data for the past 11 years indicates a total of 34 collisions on the CR 12
approaches. This figure includes those collisions that are within 0.3 miles north
and south of the intersection and those that occurred within intersection. Hatch
Hill Road experienced 11 collisions over the same time period within 0.3 miles of
the intersection, for a total of 45 collisions within the study area. At least 16
crashes resulted in one or more injuries.
An informal tally of collision attributes indicates the following:
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 7 of 19· 12 vehicle versus animal (deer, raccoon) collisions. Deer incidents were
primarily located on the CR 12 north approach.
· CR 12 north of the intersection has experienced a pattern of single vehicle
runofftheroad collisions (total of 7). It is believed that they are occurring
on a reverse curve where roadbed stability and localized settlement has
been an ongoing maintenance concern.
· Several intersection and intersectionrelated collisions make reference to
wet pavement and loose sand/gravel on the roadway surface.
· Collisions on Hatch Hill Road make frequent reference to slush, snow or
ice on the road surface leading to single vehicle loss of control.
Washington County has ownership and maintenance jurisdiction over CR 12.
The roadway was resurfaced within the last 2 years. Winter maintenance
activities including routine plowing and salting to a bare pavement surface.
Maintenance on Hatch Hill Road is carried out by Town of Granville forces.
Winter maintenance activities include plowing and the spreading of sand or grit. It
was suggested that packed snow is occasionally allowed to remain on the
roadway surface during the winter.
2.0 Assessment Findings and Suggestions
2.1 Approaching Roadway Issues
2.1.1CR 12 North Approach
Safety Concern #1: Deer collisions
Observations: The assessment team noted substantial evidence of deer activity
(fresh tracks in mud) approximately 300 to 600 yards north of the intersection,
between an open field to the west and a wooded ravine to the east. This is also
on the approach to the reverse curve. This observation correlates with the
collision experience. Salt residue in roadside ditches from winter maintenance
activities may be attracting deer to the roadway.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 8 of 19Risk Analysis: Crashes involving large animals and vehicles may result in
evasive maneuvers and loss of control. The existing horizontal alignment makes
seeing and avoiding animals on or crossing the roadway difficult. Crashes
involving deer have a higher potential for severe results as an animal may be
propelled through windshield and intrude into vehicle.
Suggestions:Examine warrants for deer crossing signs. Consider reflectors,
appropriate plantings, or rightofway fencing to deter crossing activity or channel
it to tangent areas with better sightlines.
Priority for Consideration: ModerateSafety Concern #2:Roadway settlement.
Observations: Settlement of the roadbed and sliding of pavement toward the
east shoulder have been noted as ongoing maintenance concerns on the inside
of the northbound lane approximately 200 to 300 yards north of the intersection.
Field observations revealed a dip in this area. This coupled with anecdotal
evidence of frost heaving and subsidence in spring, suggests the problem was
not resolved when the roadway was last resurfaced.
Risk Analysis: Undulations in the roadway at this location are superimposed on
a horizontal curve, thus increasing the potential for a loss of vehicular control.
Suggestions:In the short term, consider asphalt shimming to correct
settlement. In the longer term, seek more a durable solution (i.e. embankment
stabilization, reconstruction with undercut and geotextile, etc).
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.Safety Concern #3: Steep ditch crosssection with utility poles located in the
foreslope or invert.
Observations: The ditch along the west side of CR 12 (adjacent to the
southbound lane) has a nearvertical back slope approximately 200 to 300 yards
north of Hatch Hill Road (southern junction). Utility poles are located within the
foreslope (Figure 2).
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 9 of 19Risk Analysis: A steep ditch back slope raises the potential for overturning an
errant vehicle, resulting in a higher collision severity outcome. The collision data
set contained information on one vehicle rollover associated with this location.
This combination of ditch geometry and pole location risks errant vehicles being
directed into a roadside fixed object collision.
Figure 2 – Ditch Back Slope and Utility PoleSuggestions:Regrade ditch and flatten back slope to 1:3 or flatter. Explore
opportunities to relocate poles on the outside of a horizontal curve behind the
ditch and outside of the clear zone.
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.Safety Concern #4: Edge dropoff opposite intersection with Hatch Hill Road.
Observations: Southbound vehicles appear to have been offtracking to the
inside of the horizontal curve to the right, resulting in the formation of an edge
dropoff (Figure 3).
Risk Analysis: Edge dropoffs may result in a vehicle “hooking” the pavement
edge resulting in a loss of control as the driver attempts to steer back onto the
traveled way.05/13/08
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 10 of 19Figure 3 – Edge DropoffSuggestion: Consider regrading the shoulder to eliminate dropoff.
Priority for Consideration: Low.Safety Concern #5: Southbound sequence of reverse curve (leftthenright), T
intersection, curve (to the right), and farm vehicle signs.
Observations:The Reverse curve (W14) sign appears appropriate and
properlyplaced. The Tintersection (W22) sign does not accurately depict the
intersection skew. The curve (W12) sign appears located too close to the curve
it references. The farm vehicle (W115) sign is located at the intersection, in an
area of high driver workload, and may not be necessary at this location.
Risk Analysis: Road user signs may impose additional driver workload in areas
where motorists must already be on the lookout for conflicting intersection
movements. The information provided may be interpreted by drivers as
somewhat inaccurate or provide insufficient time to perceive and react.05/13/08
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 11 of 19Suggestions:Combine the curve and intersection warning signs into one (W1
10) which accurately depicts the roadway and intersection geometry and locate
that sign with an appropriate advance posting distance in accordance with the
National MUTCD, New York State Supplement, and prevailing field conditions.
Evaluate the need to retain the farm vehicle (W115) sign and the potential for its
relocation downstream of the intersection.
Priority for Consideration: High.
2.1.2CR 12 South Approach
Safety Concern #1: Lack of curve sign or intersection warning sign.
Observations: Northbound road motorists approaching the Hatch Hill Road
intersection on CR 12 enter a horizontal curve to the left. Although this curve is
visible in the daytime, it may be less obvious at night. The wide intersection
throat and superelevation on the outside of the curve may induce drivers to “run
wide” potentially leading to runofftheroad collisions on the outside of the curve
or loss of control through overcorrection.
Risk Analysis: Loss of control to the outside of the curve may result in a higher
severity outcome due to the presence of fixed objects (boulders) and a private
residence located between the two roads.
Suggestions:Consider adding a curve warning sign which also depicts the
intersection and its unusual geometry (W110).
Priority for Consideration: HighSafety Concern #2: Utility pole and cable anchor on outside of horizontal curve
Observations: A utility pole exists with a guy wire extending toward the
northbound lane of CR 12 on the outside of the northbound horizontal curve to
the left (Figure 4).
Risk Analysis: Utility poles and guy wires pose a fixed object roadside hazard
on the outside of a horizontal curve, potentially increasing the severity of a run
offtheroadway type collision.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 12 of 19Figure 4 – Utility Pole and Guy WireSuggestions:Explore options to relocate pole and guy wire outside of the clear
zone.
Priority for Consideration: Low.Safety Concern #3: Fixed objects adjacent to the intersection.
Observations: The property owner immediately to the north of the intersection
(effective gore area formed by the two roads as seen by northbound traffic) has
placed boulders along the property line. This may have been an effort to reduce
the risk of errant vehicles encroaching upon the property and adjacent home
(Figure 5).05/13/08
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 13 of 19Figure 5 – BouldersRisk Analysis: These boulders constitute an unnecessary fixed object roadside
hazard and may increase crash severity outcome if struck by an errant vehicle.
Suggestion:After other intersection safety improvements have been
implemented, discuss the removal of these stones with the property owner.
Perhaps install low growth shrubs to snag vehicles that run off the road.
Priority for Consideration: High.
2.1.3Hatch Hill Road
Safety Concern #1: Lack of warning regarding presence of intersection or STOP
control.
Observations: Road users approaching the intersection on Hatch Hill Road
have their view of the intersection and the STOP (R11) sign obscured by the
vertical alignment of the roadway (dip) and roadside foliage. The existing stop
sign support does have a retroreflective strip The two direction large arrow sign
(W17) and route marker assembly (M16) located opposite the Hatch Hill Road
approach appear appropriately positioned but lack conspicuity. The two direction
large arrow sign support also has a retroreflective strip.05/13/08
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 14 of 19Risk Analysis: Drivers may recognize and react to the intersection and the
STOP control late, resulting in loss of control or entering the intersection without
stopping (violation).
Suggestions:Consider posting a STOP ahead (W31) sign on Hatch Hill Road.
Consider a bigger two direction large double arrow (W17) sign opposite the
Hatch Hill Road approach and slightly relocating the route marker assembly (M1
6). Consider adding stop line on the Hatch Hill Road approach to CR 12.
Priority for Consideration: High.Safety Concern #2: Speed limit sign and private advertising.
Observations: A 45 MPH speed limit (R21) sign is located on the east shoulder,
for northbound traffic at the point where Hatch Hill Road splits from CR 12. It is
unclear from the northbound driver’s perspective whether this sign applies to CR
12 or Hatch Hill Road. Appended to the Speed Limit sign is a private roadside
advertisement sign (Maple Sugar Shack). This secondary sign does not appear
to be retroreflective.
Risk Analysis: Minimal.
Suggestions:Confirm the regulatory speed limit on Hatch Hill Road and
relocate the speed limit (R21) sign accordingly to eliminate the potential for
misinterpretation. Consider removal or relocation of the private commercial
directional sign per applicable local policy.
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.
2.2 Intersection and Intersectionrelated Issues
Safety Concern #1: Intersection presentation to northbound drivers.
Observations: Northbound drivers receive no warning of either the horizontal
curve to the left, the intersection, or information about which fork (left or right) is
the continuation of the through roadway. The proper choice to continue their
route is not immediately obvious to the unfamiliar road user (Figure 6).
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 15 of 19Pavement markings (center line and edge line) are discontinuous through the
intersection, faded, and occasionally obscured by gravel. The wide intersection
throat makes it difficult for drivers to visually track the curve through the
intersection.
Figure 6 – Northbound Driver’s View of IntersectionRisk Analysis: A lack of positive guidance showing which the through roadway
is may lead some drivers to run wide on the curve and risk collision with fixed
objects on the adjacent property.
Suggestions:Per earlier suggestion, consider providing a curve warning (W1
10) sign which also depicts the intersection configuration. Carry the northbound
right edge line and double yellow center stripe through the intersection using a
dotted line pattern per the New York State Department of Transportation
Standard Sheets. Refurbish faded markings. Consider postmounted delineation
in the “gore” area formed by the north and east legs of the intersection as viewed
by northbound drivers.
Priority for Consideration: High.05/13/08
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 16 of 19Safety Concern #2: Loss of superelevation in horizontal curve through the
intersection.
Observations: Superelevation to the outside of the northbound lane has been
warped to blend with the elevation of Hatch Hill Road. This transition occurs
midway through the horizontal curve. The resultant drainage pattern carries
water, sand, and gravel across the Hatch Hill Road approach into the staging
area for departing traffic. There is a ponding area for runoff adjacent to the
existing stop sign.
Risk Analysis: Loss of superelevation at this location may lead northbound
drivers “running wide” or losing control at this location. Fixed objects on the
property located immediately adjacent to the intersection increase the likelihood
of high severity outcomes. Sand and gravel carried by the over the pavement
drainage pattern makes stopping at and accelerating from the stop position on
Hatch Hill Road more difficult.
Suggestions:Consider theaddition of a curve and intersection warning (W1
10) sign. Continue pavement markings through intersection using a dotted line
pattern, and improve delineation of the “gore” area as previously noted in the
shortterm. In the longerterm, consider maintaining the superelevation of CR 12
northbound through the intersection and raising the profile of Hatch Hill Road to
match. Provide positive drainage on Hatch Hill Road (possibly a crown line) to
address overroad drainage issues.
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.Safety Concern #3: Operating speeds northbound on the right turn from CR 12
on to Hatch Hill Road
Observations: Traffic turning northbound onto Hatch Hill Road does so at
relatively high speed. This is facilitated by the geometry of the intersection and
recently added asphalt along the shoulder. The shoulder pavement may have
been installed in response to a shoulder rutting issue and to reduce the pulling of
gravel off the shoulder and into the intersection. Northbound traffic was observed
to signal their turn in the majority of cases, but not all. This inconsistent behavior
leaves drivers turning out from Hatch Hill Road unsure of an approaching driver’s
intentions.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 17 of 19Risk Assessment:Highspeed right turns are undesirable for the following
reasons:
· There is a potential for loss of control under adverse road surface
conditions. Under wet, slush, snow or icy conditions, vehicles may lose
control;
· There is an increased potential for opposing sideswipe collisions if the
right turning vehicle encroaches into the opposing lane on Hatch Hill
Road;
· Given the differing winter maintenance standards applied to the two
roadways, drivers may encounter a change in road surface condition (i.e.
bare pavement to packed snow). Loss of control could result; and
· Vehicles “cutting the corner” pose a risk to pedestrians and other road
users (driveways on Hatch Hill Road immediately beyond intersection).
Suggestions:Consider physically tightening the radius of northbound to
northeastbound travel with a mountable or modified traversable curb and apron
or the removal of asphalt to reduce operating speeds through the turn.
Appropriate truck turning radii for the design vehicle should however, be
maintained. This suggestion should be considered in conjunction with #4 below.
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.Safety Concern #4: Stopping position
Observations: Vehicles turning left from Hatch Hill Road do not align
themselves perpendicular to CR 12. Instead they position themselves toward the
left side of the intersection, potentially “pinching” traffic making the northbound
(free flow) right turn movement.
Risk Analysis: Poor positioning means drivers must look back over their right
shoulder to observe southbound traffic, potentially overlooking an approaching
vehicle. This position may result in the vehicle’s “B” pillar obstructing the drivers’
view of southbound traffic. It also requires a neck movement which can be
difficult for older drivers.
Suggestions:Consider the following:
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 18 of 19·Physically narrow the Hatch Hill Road intersection by reducing the radius
in the southeast quadrant;
·Paint a double yellow (full barrier) center line for an appropriate distance
up to the intersection on the Hatch Hill Road approach. Hook that line to
the north to encourage perpendicular positioning; and
·Paint a white stop line at the correct stopping position.
Priority for Consideration: High.Safety Concern #5: Street Name Sign – Hatch Hill Road.
Observations: Hatch Hill Road is identified by a 6 inch street name sign (D31)
with 4inch, all capital lettering. It is located in the northeast quadrant of the
intersection. This sign appears to be too small to be read and responded to at
the prevailing speed limit on CR 12. Given that Hatch Hill Road spurs off from
CR 12 and rejoins further to the north, a great deal of traffic using Hatch Hill
Road makes this northbound right turn movement.
Risk Analysis: Lack of sign legibility poses the risk of drivers slowing on CR 12
and could potentially result in rearend collisions. Lastminute maneuvers pose
the risk of loss of control.
Suggestion:Consider relocating the roadway identification sign to the
southeast quadrant of the intersection (upstream for northbound traffic) and
replacing it, increasing the letter size to 6inch, mixed case with a white border.
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.
3.0 Conclusion
This assessment was prepared to assist the responsible Highway
Superintendents in the identification and actualization of opportunities to improve
safety within the study area. The suggestions it contains are for consideration
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
Washington County Route 12 at Hatch Hill Road (South Junction)
Town of Granville, Washington County, New York State
Page 19 of 19only and are in no way intended to serve as design or operational
recommendations.
The assessment team believes it has been thorough and diligent in its work
based on the information available and the field review. Due to time constraints
a night time assessment was not conducted. It is recommended that night time
observations be made at this location.
This report does not preclude the identification of additional issues pertaining to
safety by the responsible Highway Superintendents or the emergence of new
issues over time.
It is recommended that the responsible Highway Superintendents review this
report, document their responses to the issues identified in a formal response,
and track their progress toward the implementation of any safety improvements
prompted by this assessment.
Suggested actions in order of priority for consideration:
CR12 North Approach#5 Sequence of Southbound SignsHigh
#1 Deer CollisionsModerate
#2 Roadway SettlementModerate
#3 Steep Ditch Cross Section with Utility PolesModerate
#4 Edge DropOff Opposite IntersectionLow
CR 12 South Approach#1 Lack of Curve and Intersection Warning SignsHigh
#3 Fixed Objects at the IntersectionHigh
#2 Utility Pole and Guy Wire on CurveLow
Hatch Hill Road#1 Lack Advanced Stop WarningHigh
#2 Speed Limit Sign and Private AdvertisingModerate
Intersection#4 Stopping PositionHigh
#1 Presentation of Intersection to Northbound TrafficHigh
#2 Loss of Superelevation in Horizontal CurveModerate
#3 Operating Speeds on Northbound Right TurnModerate
#5 Street Name SignModerate
Safety ASSESSMENT (SA) Report
9th
Avenue @ West 57th
Street, New York County, New York State
Sponsored by: New York State Metropolitan Planning Organizations
Conducted June 17th
and 18th, 2008
Report dated: July 15, 2008
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 2 of 22Table of Contents
1.0BACKGROUND3
1.1SA Team7
1.2SA Process8
1.3SA Report9
1.4Study Area Characteristics, Operations and Safety Performance (Office Review)9
2.0ASSESSMENT FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS11
2.1Pedestrian Behavior11
2.2Driver Behavior13
2.3Cyclists14
2.4Intersection Geometry, Sightlines15
2.5Traffic Control Signals Displays17
2.6Traffic Control Signals – Timing and Phasing17
2.7Parking, Stopping, Standing Controls18
2.8Other Traffic Control Devices19
2.9Other Issues/Features19
3.0CONCLUSION22
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 3 of 221.0 Background
An aerial view of the intersection of 9th
Avenue @ West 57th
Street, in Manhattan,
New York City, is shown inFigure 1.
Figure 1 – 9th Avenue @ West 57th Street9th
Avenue is a six lane, oneway arterial roadway oriented northsouth. Traffic
flows from north to south. Sidewalks are provided on both sides of the roadway.
W est 57th
Street is a sixlane, twoway arterial roadway oriented in an eastwest
direction. Sidewalks are provided on both sides of the roadway.
9th
Avenue south of West 57th
Street, and the east and west approaches of West
57th
Street, are truck routes. To the south, 9th
Avenue provides access to the
Lincoln Tunnel and New Jersey. Both roadways are governed by a 30 mph
statutory speed limit.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 4 of 22The intersection is controlled by traffic control signals with pedestrian displays on
all approaches. A single, pretimed and coordinated timing plan is in effect at all
times.Figure 2 summarizes the timing plan.
Figure 2 – Timing Plan
Type: Nonactuated
Accessed: May 2008
Signal Cycle Length: 90 s
Times of Operation: All Times
Note:
W = Walk
PC = pedestrian clearance (flashing dw + allred.)
LPI = lead pedestrian interval
The traffic signal and timing plan are somewhat unique in the Manhattan context
as a westbound to southbound lead protective left turn phase is provided, to
facilitate turns from West 57th
Street onto 9th
Avenue southbound.
During the protected portion of the eastwest phase, pedestrians are provided a
WALK indication across the north approach to the intersection only. PedestriansPhase
(movement)GreenAmberAllRed SplitA 9 Avenue31
(21 W +15 PC) – Crossing 57 St3236 B – WB 57 St
+ LT16
(21 W – Crossing 9 Ave North leg
only)3221B 57 St21
(10 W + 16 PC) – Crossing 9 Av3226B – LPI7
(7 W) Crossing 57 St7
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 5 of 22waiting to cross the south approach receive a WALK indication only when the
westbound protected left turn phase and its clearance times out, and are
reminded to “Wait for Walk Signal” by signs prominently displayed on both sides
of the south approach (Figure 3).
Figure 3 – Wait For Walk Signal signs on both sides of south approachFigure 3 also illustrates the lack of observance of the WALK signal on this
approach.
Another interesting feature of the signal timing plan is the provision of 7 seconds
of Leading Pedestrian Indication (LPI) for pedestrians waiting to cross the east
and west approaches to the intersection (West 57th
Street). The LPI provides a
WALK indication during a 7 second allred period, allowing waiting pedestrians to
advance into the crosswalk before southbound traffic on 9th
Avenue is released.
This LPI phase permits pedestrians to establish themselves in the crosswalk
before vehicles wishing to turn right or left onto West 57th
Street are permitted to
enter the intersection.
Both 9th
Avenue and West 57th
Street are heavilytraveled by vehicles and
vulnerable road users. Figure 4 provides peak hour vehicle movement counts.
Although bicycle and pedestrian counts were not available, field observations
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 6 of 22over the noonhour period indicate a significant number of cyclists and a large
number of pedestrians use all approaches to the intersection.
Figure 4 – Peak Hour Vehicular VolumesHourly ATR counts indicate that traffic volume is both heavy and sustained
during the daytime, when pedestrian volumes are highest (Figure 5).
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 7 of 22Figure 5 – ATR Counts1.1 SA Team
A brief introductory training session was provided on the afternoon of the first day
of the assessment.
The road safety assessment was sponsored by the New York State Metropolitan
Planning Organizations (NYSMPOs) and will serve as one of three case studies
to be included in guidelines for the conduct of SAs on the local road system
within the State of New York.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 8 of 22The SA field team was composed of New York City Department of Transportation
(NYCDOT) representatives, led by members of the consultant team. The RSA
Team included the following individuals:
·Sean Quinn, NYCDOT,squinn@dot.nyc.gov·Hillary Poole,NYCDOT,hpoole@dot.nyc.gov·Lawrence Malchie,NYCDOT,lmalchie@dot.nyc.gov·Ben Eliya,NYCDOT,beliya@dot.nyc.gov·Randy Wade, NYCDOT,rwade@dot.nyc.gov·Sam Barkho,NYCDOT,sbarkho@dot.nyc.gov
·Frank Dolan,Bergmann Associatesfdolan@bergmannpc.com·Matt Carmody, EngWong, Taub & Associates,mcarmody@engwongtaub.com·Greg Junnor, Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc
gjunnor@synecticsinc.net1.2 SA Process
The SA was conducted in a manner consistent with the proposed road safety
assessment guidelines being prepared for the NYSMPOs. The assessment took
place on June 17 and 18, 2008
Information reviewed in the course of the assessment included the following:
· Aerial photographs;
· Traffic characteristics data;
· Collision information;
· Traffic signal phasing/timing data;
· Adjacent land uses;
· Anticipated/proposed development and redevelopment; and
· Existing safety concerns.
Introductions and a brief assessment training session occurred in the afternoon
of the first day. The assessment team reviewed the project related information
on the morning of the second day of the assessment.
The assessment team then went into the field to conduct a site visit in the late
morning, into the noon hour. Site visit conditions were warm and sunny.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 9 of 22The assessment team reconvened on the afternoon of the second day to
complete the assessment analysis. Preliminary assessment findings were
discussed then recorded using the FHW A RSA Software tool.
The consulting team subsequently prepared this report, which was circulated to
and commented upon by the assessment team members, prior to being finalized.
1.3 SA Report
This report provides information on issues identified by the assessment team,
which they deemed relevant to the stated goal of an SA; identifying opportunities
to improve road safety within the study area.
Where appropriate, an assessment of road user safety risk, and suggestions for
improvement, are included. These suggestions should not be viewed as design
or operational recommendations. They are intended to be illustrative of potential
solutions to the safety issues identified, and are presented for consideration only.
1.4 Study Area Characteristics, Operations and Safety
Performance (Office Review)
The intersection of 9th
Avenue and West 57th
Street was selected as an SA
candidate based upon the frequency of pedestrianinvolved collisions which
occurred at the intersection between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2006.
During that time period, 25 pedestrianinvolved collisions, and 19 other collisions
occurred within the intersection.Figure 6 summarizes the collision experience at
the intersection.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 10 of 22Figure 6 – Collision Summary
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 11 of 22The summary indicates that pedestrianinvolved collisions generally occurred
under favorable road and weather conditions, during the daytime (particularly
over the noonhour), over all months of the year, with Mondays seemly over
represented. Fault in the occurrences were almost evenly split between the
motorist and the pedestrian. Resulting injuries were generally minor, indicative of
lowspeed impacts.
No information was available on the age profile of the involved pedestrians, nor
was information available on which approach they were crossing when struck.
2.0 Assessment Findings and Suggestions
2.1 Pedestrian Behavior
Safety Concern: Pedestrians disregard/disobey pedestrian signal indications,
aggressively press their rightofway during the WALK and clearance periods,
and cross the south leg of the intersection in sympathetic movement with
pedestrians crossing the north leg.
Observations:
1. Pedestrians frequently cross roadway approaches against the pedestrian
signal indications, taking advantage of gaps in traffic created by the
coordination of upstream and downstream traffic control signals.
2. Pedestrians are aggressive in imposing their rightofway over turning
traffic during the WALK and clearance periods.
3. Pedestrians either wait for a WALK indication while standing within the
roadway, or anticipate the provision of a WALK indication as soon as the
clearance interval on the conflicting roadway is displayed, by stepping into
the roadway.
4. Pedestrians wishing to cross the south leg (9th
Avenue) of the intersection
often begin crossing when pedestrians on the north approach receive a
WALK indication and begin to cross, without regard to their own
pedestrian indications or the signs which warn them to “Wait for Walk
Signal”.
This appears to be a sympathetic movement – consistent with the
operation of most signals in Manhattan (which are generally twophase,
and provide simultaneous WALK indications across parallel crosswalks).
At this location however, this sympathetic movement without regard to the
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 12 of 22pedestrian indications on the south leg places pedestrians in conflict with
westboundtosouthbound left turning traffic, which is moving on the
protected portion of the westbound protected/permissive left turn phase.
Risk Analysis:
Disobey pedestrian signals: Disobeying pedestrian signals, and crossing during
gaps in traffic, appear be common at the subject intersection, as well as at many
other signalized intersections in Manhattan.
Motorists appear to anticipate this behavior by pedestrians, and make some
accommodations for it – slowing and honking to warn pedestrians of their
approach. Despite this, significant traffic and pedestrian volumes equate to a
high exposure. The aggressive attitude of many pedestrians, and the
accommodation of this behavior by driver, increases the likelihood of conflicts
and collisions. Potential collision severity is judged to be high, as vehicle
approach speeds on the leading edge of traffic platoons tends to be higher.
Disobey pedestrian signals south leg: Vehicular volumes making the westbound
tosouthbound left turning movement are significant, as is the volume of
pedestrians crossing the south leg of the intersection. Field observations
indicate that one or more pedestrians move sympathetically with those on the
north approach on practically every cycle. Once one pedestrian moves, others
tend to follow.
When conflicts occur, pedestrians are often startled, having no recognition of
their error. Again, driver accommodation appears to minimize the severity of
conflicts, but the potential for collisions remains. Fortunately, left turning
movements generally occur at low speeds, limiting the likely severity outcomes.
An exception to this however, relates to the fact that West 57th
Street and 9th
Avenue south of the intersection are both truck routes. Westboundto
southbound left turns by tractortrailer units involve significant offtracking by the
trailer unit. Offtracking in left and right turns is associated with truckpedestrian
and truckcyclist collisions in urban areas. These collisions are often either
severe or fatal.
Suggestions:
1. Enforcement. Selective enforcement of pedestrian rules of the road at this
intersection may serve to improve compliance.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 13 of 222. Education. Community outreach on the importance of compliance and the
risks of disobeying pedestrian signals may serve to change attitudes and
behavior over time.
3. Advanced pedestrian countdown timer displays. These displays not only
count down the W ALK/clearance time remaining, but may also be used to
display the time remaining until the next W ALK indication, where a pre
timed timing plan is in effect. An active display may provide additional
conspicuity, reinforce the WALK/DON’T W ALK message, and the “Wait for
Walk Signal” static sign message.
4. Audible pedestrian indications.
5. Coordinate the start of the WALK displays on the north and south legs to
eliminate sympathetic movement. By delaying the W ALK display on the
north leg until the end of the westboundtosouthbound protected left turn
movement, the risk of sympathetic movement could be eliminated.
However, given the current of level of compliance by pedestrians, and
their propensity to cross on gaps in traffic, this approach may prove
counterproductive.
6. Change westboundtosouthbound protected left turn phasing from leading
to lagging. This approach would allow the WALK displays on the north
and south legs to be coordinated, but would require an earlier clearance
on the south leg to provide for the lagging left turn movement.
Advantages would include elimination of the risks associated with
sympathetic movement. Disadvantages may include timing/coordination
issues, and queuing/capacity impacts on the east approach.
7. Enhance the conspicuity of the “Wait for Walk Signal” static sign message.
Adding a retroreflective/fluorescent border to the sign could enhance its
conspicuity for pedestrians.
8. Enhance the conspicuity of the WALK/DON’T WALK display. Use of LED
displays with day/night intensity control could enhance the conspicuity of
the displays.
Priority for Consideration: High
2.2 Driver Behavior
Safety Concern: Red light running.
Observations: Both the collision record and field observations raise concerns
regarding motorists disobeying the red indication. During the field review,
equipment at the intersection suggested that it was once a red light camera
enforcement location, but is no longer active.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 14 of 22Risk Analysis: Exposure of pedestrians to traffic at the intersection is high.
Likelihood is dependent on the frequency of violations, however nearly ½ of the
pedestrian collisions at the intersection involved a pedestrian crossing with the
signal (although it is not known if the collision involved a through vehicle or a
turning movement).
Red light running collisions involving pedestrians are generally of a higher
relative severity, due to their vulnerability, and the speedofapproach of the
violating vehicle.
Suggestions:
1. Consider conventional red light enforcement.
2. Consider red light camera enforcement
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.
Safety Concern: Southbound double right turns
Observations: Vehicles were observed making right turns from the second, and
sometimes the third lane out from the west curb, in the northwest quadrant of the
intersection.
Risk Analysis: Double right turns increase the risk of vehiclevehicle
(sideswipe) and vehicle pedestrian conflicts and collisions.
Suggestions: Selective enforcement
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.
2.3 Cyclists
Safety Concern: Many cyclists observed using West 57th
Street, mixing with
vehicular traffic.
Observations: Cyclists observed traveling in second lane out from curb, at risk
from car doors, and being “crowded” by passing vehicles.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 15 of 22Risk Analysis: Vehicles attempting to share a standardwidth lane with a cyclist
risk conflicts and or collisions. Cyclists crowded to the right are at risk from car
doors and vehicles parking/unparking.
Suggestions: Consider allocation of crosssection in context of rush hour
regulations. Examine implications of 89 foot parking lane adjacent to curb, and
wider shareduse lane as second lane out from curb. Implications of lane use by
trucks and buses, and future Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) route planning for West
57th
Street may also have to be considered.
Priority for Consideration: Moderate
Safety Concern: Delivery bikes chained to Munimeters along east and west
sidewalks of 9th
Avenue, north of intersection
Observations: Bikes locked to Munimeters.
Risk Analysis: Pedestrian tripping hazard, sidewalk congestion leading to
pedestrians stepping into roadway.
Suggestions: Provide bike rack in front of business
Priority for Consideration: Low.
2.4 Intersection Geometry, Sightlines
Safety Concern: Sightlines for left and right turns from the south approach (9th
Avenue) and for right turns on the east approach (West 57th
Street westbound)
are limited by parked vehicles and a truck loading zone, respectively.
Observations: Vehicles parked or stopped for the purposes of loading and
unloading compromise sightlines on these approaches for turning traffic.
Risk Analysis: Compromised sightlines increase the risk of conflicts and
collisions between turning traffic and pedestrians.
Suggestions:
1. 9th
Avenue – set stop bar back 10 feet from crosswalk. Eliminate last
parking stall adjacent to east and west curbs.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 16 of 222. West 57th
Street – Set stop bar back 10 feet from crosswalk Reduce
length of loading zone to open up daylighting in the northeast quadrant of
the intersection. Terminate loading zone 25 feet east of new stop bar
location.
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.
Safety Concern: ADA curb cut not provided on north for crossing West 57th
Street on the NW corner.
Observations: Granite curb stones do not include ADA curb cut.
Risk Analysis: Poses difficulty for disabled pedestrians
Suggestions: Install curb cut.
Priority for Consideration: Low.
Safety Concern: Raised utility access (manhole) covers in crosswalks on north
and south legs.
Observations: Not flush with pavement
Risk Analysis: Tripping hazard
Suggestions: Make flush
Priority for Consideration: Low
Safety Concern: Lane alignment through intersection (West 57th
Street east
west across 9th
Avenue).
Observations: Intersection is very wide, and some vehicles wander/encroach
into paths of adjacent vehicles.
Risk Analysis: Potential for opposing sideswipe collisions, evasive movements.
Suggestions: Install pavement markings to extend center line across
intersection.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 17 of 22Priority for Consideration: Low.
2.5 Traffic Control Signals Displays
Safety Concern: Signal head displays not aligned over through lanes, and may
lack conspicuity.
Observations: Primary (righthand) heads tend to be aligned over parking
lanes. Secondary (lefthand) heads tend to be aligned over receiving lanes.
Displays are incandescent, and some are 8inch diameter. Westbound leftturn
display is to the leftofcenter, and not optimally placed within a leftturning
driver’s cone of vision
Risk Analysis: Lessconspicuous head placement risks motorists failing to
see/respond to displays, increasing the risk of violations leading to conflicts
and/or collisions.
Suggestions:
1. Install longer mastarms to improve head placement.
2. Install LED displays.
3. Install larger (all 12inch) displays.
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.
2.6 Traffic Control Signals – Timing and Phasing
Safety Concern: Pedestrian crossing timings
Observations: Timings are only sufficient for 4 feet per second walking speed.
Risk Analysis: Crosswalk users observed included schoolaged children,
seniors and disabled. Timings applicable to 3 feet per second recommended for
these groups under new MUTCD requirements.
Suggestions: Examine opportunities to increase pedestrian WALK and
clearance timings.
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 18 of 222.7 Parking, Stopping, Standing Controls
Safety Concern: Marking of curb lanes on West 57th
Street
Observations: Curb lanes on West 57th
Street are marked as through lanes, yet
information indicates that rush hour regulations do not yet apply to this roadway.
Revisions to the rush hour regulations are reportedly pending.
Risk Analysis: Potential exists for motorist in curb lane to encounter parked
vehicles, leading to abrupt lane changes, conflicts, and collisions.
Suggestions: Amend regulations and enforce.
Priority for Consideration: Low.
Safety Concern: Parking stall permits parking between corner and bus stop,
west receiving side of West 57th
Street.
Observations: Vehicle legally parked between crosswalk and bus stop.
Risk Analysis: Compromise of intersection sightlines.
Suggestions: Eliminate parking, extend bus stopping zone to intersection.
Priority for Consideration: Low.
Safety Concern: Trucks double parking to load/unload, east and west curb, 9th
Avenue.
Observations: Doubleparking by trucks.
Risk Analysis: Weaving, conflicts, collisions involving vehicles on this
approach.
Suggestions: Consider need for loading zone.
Priority for Consideration: Low
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 19 of 222.8 Other Traffic Control Devices
Safety Concern: High visibility crosswalks on all four legs in poor condition.
Observations: Markings worn, damaged by road cuts/resurfacing.
Risk Analysis: Reduced crosswalk emphasis for motorists.
Suggestions: Remark.
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.
Safety Concern: “Wait for Walk Signal” signs mounted too low
Observations: Mounting height less than 7 feet.
Risk Analysis: Could be impacted by head of pedestrian.
Suggestions: Raise signs, place adjacent to pedestrian signal displays (see
suggestion regarding increased sign conspicuity).
Priority for Consideration: Low.
2.9 Other Issues/Features
Safety Concern: Scaffold/hoarding around building on southwest corner.
Observations: Sidewalks on the southwest corner are covered by
scaffolding/hoarding.
Risk Analysis: These elements may reduce the visibility of pedestrians crossing
the south and west approaches from this corner, particularly under nighttime
conditions.
Suggestions: Check illumination and visibility under dark conditions.
Priority for Consideration: Low.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 20 of 22Safety Concern: Lack of night review.
Observations: SA Team was not able to conduct a night review, due to
scheduling issues.
Risk Analysis: A nighttime review may reveal additional safety issues.
Suggestions: NYCDOT staff should conduct a nighttime review and record
observations as a supplement to this report.
Priority for Consideration: Moderate.
Safety Concern: Trash barrels on corners interfere with access to ADA drop
curbs.
Observations: Barrels block access for mobility devices used by disabled
pedestrians.
Risk Analysis: Low.
Suggestions: Relocate.
Priority for Consideration: Low.
Safety Concern: Bus stop west receiving side of West 57th
Street does not have
a concrete bus pad.
Observations: Asphalt showing signs of shoving/rutting.
Risk Analysis: Pedestrian trip hazard/water ponding hazard.
Suggestions: Install concrete pad.
Priority for Consideration: Low
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 21 of 22Safety Concern: Pavement deterioration in crosswalk, west approach of West
57th
Street
Observations: Broken pavement, truck rutting/shoving of pavement.
Risk Analysis: Pedestrian tripping hazard.
Suggestions: Repair.
Priority for Consideration: Low.
Safety Concern: Water ponding in northwest quadrant of intersection.
Observations: Standing water
Risk Analysis: Winter pedestrian slip/fall hazard.
Suggestions: Arterial maintenance – mill and patch.
Priority for Consideration: Low.
Road Safety Assessment (SA) Report
9th Avenue @ West 57th Street, New York County, New York State
July 15, 2008
Page 22 of 223.0 Conclusion
This assessment has been prepared to assist the responsible NYC.
Transportation Agencies in the identification and actualization of opportunities to
improve safety within the study area. The assessment is based on information
available at the time of the field review. The suggestions it contains are for
consideration only, and are in no way intended to serve as design or operational
recommendations.
This report does not preclude the identification of additional issues pertaining to
safety by the responsible road authorities, or the emergence of new issues over
time.
It is recommended that the responsible agencies review this report; document
their responses to the issues identified in a formal response report; and track
their progress towards the implementation of safety improvements prompted by
this assessment.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 BA P P E N D I X B
SAFETY
ASSESSMENT
GUIDELINES
APPENDIX B
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008A P P E N D I X BB- 1APPENDIX B: GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Blackspot
An existing location, experiencing collisions at a frequency that is higher than would
otherwise be expected. Methods used to identify blackspots differ by jurisdiction and
vary from qualitative evaluations (which can be based on collision diagrams) to
statistically rigorous network safety screening techniques. The term “High Collision Risk
Location” is perceived by many as a more descriptive term.
Baseline Road Safety Conditions
These include updated crash frequencies, average crash rates, severity listings, and
records of common collision types on different classes of facilities within a jurisdiction.
As of late, frequencies are considered a better metric of safety as compared to collision
rates. Baseline road safety conditions are used in Safety Management Systems (SMS)
to define safety targets. They can be also used to select locations for Safety
Assessments (SAs).
Collision (Crash)*
A failed interaction between one or more road users, vehicles, and the transportation
environment; leading to death, injury, or property damage. Members of the engineering
profession have begun to use this term in lieu of “Accident” as the latter term implies an
event over which there is no control. The term “crash” is another acceptable alternative.
Collision (Crash)* Reconstruction
Study which attempts to explain in detail the events leading up to an individual collision
and consequently the actions and behaviors that may have caused or contributed to
that event. It is not a part of the SA process.
Collision (Crash)* Modification Factor
The collision modification factor (CMF) for any given road safety countermeasure is the
ratio of the expected collision frequency with the countermeasure installed to the
expected collision frequency without the countermeasure in place, calculated over the
same period of time. The calculation is typically made over increments of one year.
Collision (Crash)* Prediction Model
A mathematical model that relates an entities’ expected collision frequency (for
example an intersection or road segment), to its traffic and geometric characteristics.
Collision prediction models have numerous safety engineering applications including
the identification of high collision risk locations and evaluating the effectiveness of road
safety improvement countermeasures.
* Though often used synonymously, crash is currently the preferred term within the fields of safety and traffic engineering.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 A P P E N D I X BB- 2Collision (Crash)* Reduction Factor
The collision reduction factor (CRF) for any given collision countermeasure is the
percentage of reduction in collision frequency associated with that countermeasure.
Exposure
Number of vehicles or other facility users exposed to a particular hazard over a fixed
period of time. It is used in the SA process for the qualitative evaluation of Safety Risk.
Average annual daily traffic (AADT) as well as pedestrian and bicycle volumes can be
used for qualitative estimation of exposure for the purposes of estimating Safety Risk.
FHWA RSA Software
A tool developed to support the practical implementation of the Federal Highway
Administration’s Road Safety Audit Guidelines. A beta version was released to the
public in 2006 followed by full release in 2008. The software guides the process and
includes a tracking tool enabling the use of RSA prompt lists at a desired level of detail.
It requires the user to accompany each safety issue raised with a discussion and
assessment, thereby forcing them to carefully consider and justify their findings. It
assists in drafting RSA reports, enables one to record safety issues both by prompt list
topic and location, helps verify issues and locations entered, and is an effective means
of RSA training.
High Collision (Crash)* Risk Location
An existing location, experiencing collisions at a frequency that is higher than would
otherwise be expected. Methods used to identify high collision risk locations differ by
jurisdiction and vary from qualitative evaluations (which can be based on collision
diagrams) to statistically rigorous network screening techniques. The term “High
Collision Risk Location” is perceived by many as a more descriptive term than
“blackspot.”
InService Safety Review
Indepth engineering study of an existing transportation facility; undertaken for the
purposes of identifying costeffective collision countermeasures and improving
operations and safety for all users. Inservice safety reviews may be conducted on any
transportation element including for example: roadway segments, intersections, or
interchanges, sidewalks, bicycle paths, etc. However, in order to optimize the
usefulness of available resources, these reviews are most effective when conducted at
locations where a high collision risk has been identified. An inservice safety review
typically involves a structured review of collision history, geometric characteristics, and
traffic operations. It may also include traffic conflict observations and a human factors
assessment. Safety assessments are typically more dependent on the experience and
judgment of the assessment team while inservice reviews rely more on quantitative
analysis of empirical data. This term and process is commonly used in Canada.
* Though often used synonymously, crash is currently the preferred term within the fields of safety and traffic engineering.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008A P P E N D I X BB- 3Independence of the SA Team
This is a fundamental element of the safety assessment process. In the case of a
design stage safety assessment, team members should ideally be separate from (that
is not affiliated with) the design team charged with plan development. In the case of
safety assessments for an existing entity, the assessment team may be qualified as
independent if its members do not have any conflict of interest which might affect the
findings and recommendations. In the case of smaller jurisdictions throughout New
York State, it may necessary for Owners to utilize their own Department of Public
Works or other staff, supplemented with outside expertise as necessary, to accomplish
SAs. This practice is acceptable as long as those individuals charged with conducting
the assessment can approach the entity with an open mind.
Network Screening
A process by which the safety performance of a transportation network is evaluated at
the macro level; to identify and rank sites which are strong candidates for safety
improvement. Such sites may then be subjected to safety assessments.
Project Owner
An organizational unit or individual in a public agency which is responsible for:
transportation planning, design, and/or construction projects. A Project Owner would
typically incorporate a desire to follow the safety assessment process in a request for
proposals (for planning and design projects). They may be responsible for coordinating
with the design team, functioning as safety assessment program coordinator,
coordinating with the assessment team, participating in the preassessment meeting,
review safety assessment reports, approve and release response reports, and track the
implementation of recommendations made in those response reports.
Proactive Road Safety Approach
Safety improvement actions are often identified based upon anticipated (expected)
safety performance. Identification can be based on quantitative techniques (collision
prediction models etc.) or qualitative techniques such as safety assessments. Safety
assessments completed at the planning, design, construction, and preopening stages
of transportation projects are considered part of a proactive approach. Safety
assessments conducted on existing transportation facilities may be proactive (when
locations are not selected based on collision history or no collision data are available)
or a combination of both proactive and reactive approaches if locations are selected
based on collision history and collision data are analyzed by the safety assessment
team. In safety assessments of existing facilities the analysis of collision data should
not be the sole driving force for the identification of road safety issues. Safety
assessment team members should rely on human factors techniques, expert judgment,
field observations, and prompt lists to identify and evaluate road safety issues.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 A P P E N D I X BB- 4Reactive Approach to Safety
Under this approach, safety improvement actions are identified using demonstrated
crash histories and patterns of crash occurrence. Overall the most effective safety
management systems balance proactive and reactive approaches. Inservice safety
reviews and remedial safety work are typical examples of a reactive approach. Safety
assessments conducted on existing transportation facilities may be based on a
combination of both proactive and reactive approaches if locations are selected based
on collision history and collision data are analyzed as part of the safety assessment
process.
Safety Assessment (SA) Response Report
This is a mandatory element for each safety assessment. This document summarizes
the review of a safety assessment report including its findings and suggestions. It must
cover decisions on how to address identified safety concerns, the rationale behind
those decisions, and actions planned to implement decisions. Decisions documented in
the response report may vary. For example, a reviewer may agree with the safety
assessment suggestions and specify action, disagree while providing an alternative,
agree with but choose not to act upon the findings, or disagree with any identified
safety issues.
Safety Assessment (SA) Policy
A set policy established by a jurisdiction stating the commitment of its top management
to the SA process and outlining what projects should undergo safety assessments. The
term “policy” may also refer to jurisdictionspecific safety assessment guidelines. The
policy may rely on a project selection matrix and/or narratives outlining what projects or
locations should undergo safety assessments.
Safety Assessment (SA) Stages
Safety assessments can be conducted at any stage in the project development process
(for example planning, design, and/or construction) or to address an existing
transportation facility. Safety assessments are named accordingly including planning
stage safety assessments, preliminary design safety assessments, detailed design
safety assessments, work zone safety assessments, preopening safety assessments,
and safety assessments of existing facilities. Land use development projects can also
undergo safety assessments.
Safety Assessment (SA)
This is a term used by some jurisdictions within the United States in lieu of the term
“Safety Audit” or “Road Safety Audit”. Its use avoids the negative connotation
commonly associated with the word “audit” and does not restrict the facility type to
roadways alone.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008A P P E N D I X BB- 5The practice involves the formal safety performance examination of an existing or
future transportation facility by an independent team. The safety assessment team
must consider the safety of all road users, qualitatively estimate and reports on road
safety issues, and investigate opportunities for safety improvement. Other established
guidelines define safety assessments as a process which considers only pre
construction and construction stage projects while safety assessments of existing
facilities are defined as safety assessment reviews or inservice safety reviews.
Safety Assessment (SA) Prompt Lists
A list of questions or items, intended to be considered by the members of the safety
assessment team. They have also been traditionally known as “checklists”. Promptlists
may be comprehensive in nature, covering as many considerations as possible, or
broad with general instructions for what to consider. Promptlists should be considered a
tool for the assessment team and not a replacement for the knowledge and experience
of those individuals.
Safety Assessment (SA) Program Coordinator
This individual is appointed to implement and manage a safety assessment program
within a jurisdiction. They usually prepare or offer advice on terms of reference for
safety assessments, participate on a technical committee to select safety assessment
teams, ensure that adequate data for safety assessments are prepared by the design
team, participate in the preassessment meetings, conduct quality reviews of safety
assessment reports, and review safety assessment response reports. They typically
also archive, review, and summarizes information from past safety assessments
including “lessons learned”, prepare an annual report on their safety assessment
program, identify safety assessment needs including funding, and propose changes to
the safety assessment guidelines or policies.
Safety Assessment (SA) Report
A mandatory element of each safety assessment, this report typically identifies safety
issues, their importance, and suggests improvements.
Safety Assessment (SA) Reviews
See InService Safety Review.
Safety Assessment Subconsultant to the Planning/Design Team
Subconsultant hired by the planning/design team to examine and participate in all
transportation safetyrelated aspects of planning and design projects. The safety
assessment subconsultant differs from the safety assessment team in that it interacts
with the planning/design team throughout the planning/design process and becomes a
part of the design team.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 A P P E N D I X BB- 6Safety Review
A process established by most state departments of transportation through their high
hazard identification and correction programs. Safety reviews often involve a small (12
persons) team with design expertise. Those persons may also be directly involved in
the design process. A safety review does not typically involve field visits, concentrates
on the evaluation of designs based on compliance with standards, and does not
normally consider human factor issues. A safety review is always reactive as
hazardous locations are identified through the analysis of crash statistics.
Safety Risk
This term indicates the relative safety of a location. Safety risk for a single
transportation facility user is determined by the probability of a collision and its severity.
Safety Risk for a transportation entity is determined by taking into account the exposure
of all road users. In application to safety assessments, safety risk is determined
qualitatively in terms of the estimated exposure, probability, and consequence as
follows:
Safety risk = exposure * probability of the event * consequence of the event. Each
element of the equation is typically estimated by safety assessment team members as
very low, low, medium, high or very high.
Safety of the Entity
Safety is measured by the expected frequency of fatal, injury and property damage only
collisions on the entity over a certain period of time, typically one year. In the safety
assessment process, it is understood as the qualitative estimate of the above by the
safety assessment team members. Safety risk can be used to facilitate and support the
qualitative estimation of safety for a given entity.
Safe Field Visit Practices
Procedures for carrying out specific tasks, which when followed, will ensure that safety
assessment team members reduce their exposure to hazards during a field visit.
Safety Management System (SMS)
Coordinated multidisciplinary partnership process which strives to achieve safety goals
by ensuring that opportunities to improve safety are identified, considered,
implemented, and evaluated in all phases of planning, design, maintenance and
operations. Safety assessments are considered to be an important element of a SMS
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008A P P E N D I X BB- 7Terms of Reference (TOR): A document that generally describes the purpose, scope,
objectives, stakeholder involvement, deliverables, available budget, and proposed
schedule of an activity, requirement, or service. SA Terms of Reference may be used
by a transportation agency to solicit external SA consulting services.
Traffic Conflict
A near miss that occurs when two transportation facility users approach each other in
time and space and one of them takes evasive action to avoid a collision.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 CA P P E N D I X C
SAFETY
ASSESSMENT
GUIDELINES
APPENDIX C
FHWA RSA SOFTWARE
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008A P P E N D I X CC- 1APPENDIX C: FHWA RSA SOFTWARE
C1. Concept
The FHWA RSA Software is more than the automation of SA prompt lists – it is
intended to be a guiding and process tracking tool enabling the use of SA prompt lists
at a variety of detail levels, while providing a way to accompany each safety issue
raised with a discussion and an assessment. Using the software helps assessors to
think about and justify their findings. The software assists in drafting SA reports,
enables users to record safety issues both by prompt list topic and by location, helps
verify issues and locations entered, and may be used in SA training.
C2. Project initiation
The initial step in working with the FHWA RSA software is to either create a new project
to work on or to open a previouslycreated project to continue working on it. Defining
SA stage in the Project Characteristics screen will enable the software to select
appropriate prompt lists for the SA. FHWA RSA software also provides on option for
selecting SA Team members from the list of available assessors, or adding new
assessors to the list of those available.
C3. Generating Prompt lists
Once the project has been initiated and initial project data are entered, the software
may be used to generate and print out prompt lists which may be distributed among the
SA team members. The prompt lists generated are customized based on the SA stage
specified within the Project Characteristics. The software offers a default file name,
date/time capture, and default location for the generated prompt lists on the computer.
For the convenience of the users, the generated prompt lists are automatically opened
in MS Word and minimized immediately after the generation.
C4. Conducting Safety Assessment
A typical series of steps for conducting SAs are identified inExhibit D1, numbered
from 1 through 8. Users can alter the order or sequence of steps, such as to add a new
location or to enhance the level of detail for an issue, as needed.
There are two main alternatives for conducting SA analysis. Mode 1 is by topic/subtopic
of the Prompt list, Mode 2 is by Location. The selection of the SA analysis mode
depends on the project and preferences of the SA team members.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 A P P E N D I X CC- 2·Mode 1:The process begins with the selection of the prompt list topic/subtopic which may
be “drilled down” to a set of specific prompt list questions (Step 1). The selected prompt list
item appears in the topic box below the prompt list window. The SA team members then
consider possible safety issues related to the prompt list topic/subtopic considering the SA
project in its entirety. Once a safety issue is identified, the location of the issue is added to
the list of the locations (Step 1a). Location details are at the discretion of the SA team.
The selected location (Step 1b) appears in the location box. SA team members then
proceed to the description and evaluation of the identified safety issue(s) for the selected
topic/subtopic and location (steps 28).
·Mode 2: As an alternative approach, the SA team may begin by identifying locations to be
assessed (Step 1a). Selected locations (Step 1b) are then assessed by the SA team
members as they go through the prompt list, select topics/subtopics and identify possible
safety issues related to the selected location. Once the safety issue is identified, SA team
members proceed to the documenting and analysis of the identified safety issue for the
selected location and topic/subtopic (steps 28).
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008A P P E N D I X CC- 3Exhibit C1: Typical series of steps for conducting SAs
The SA software provides several windows for recording identified safety issues, as follows:
“Issue”, “Issue description” and “Suggestions”.
·The “Issue” window (Step 2) serves for a concise definition of title of the safety issues
identified, e.g., “Driveway Exit – Visibility Obstruction”.
·The “Issue description” window serves for a detailed description of the safety issue
identified, e.g., “Existing foliage and an unused concrete spanwire pole are blocking
visibility for traffic exiting the service station lot.”
·Finally, the “Suggestion” window serves for recording suggestions on how to improve
safety of the identified issue, e.g., “Consider trimming the hedge back to improve visibility.”
·The descriptions provided in each of these windows are at the discretion of the SA team.
There is no limit to the amount of data which may be recorded. All data entered will be
included in the draft SA Report generated by the software.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 A P P E N D I X CC- 4C5. Analyzing severity of safety issues
The FHWA RSA software provides an optional method for analyzing the importance or severity
of an identified road safety issue. A qualitative estimation of the Road Safety Risk, which is
measured in terms of its three components (exposure, probability, and consequences) may be
assigned to each issue. Each component may be assigned a rating from very low to very high.
Using a simple score of 15 the RSA Software will assign a numerical value to the safety
evaluation, if it is used. While this aspect of the software is optional, it may assist assessors in
making determinations of which identified issues are most critical in terms of improving safety.
An example of a completed SA screen is shown inExhibit D2.
C6. Generating SA reports
Once the SA analysis is completed, the FHWA RSA software may generate draft SA reports.
Part A of the draft RSA report contains data input to the RSA software at the SA project setup
stage and has the same formatting, independent of selected sorting options implemented in
Part B of the RSA report. Part B of the RSA report implements three sorting options, as
follows:
·Format 1: Identified safety issues are sorted first by prompt list topic/subtopic, then by
location, and finally by severity (Road Safety Risk);
·Format 2: Identified safety issues are sorted first by location. and then by severity
(Road Safety Risk); and
·Format 3: Identified safety issues are sorted by severity (Road Safety Risk) only.
Examples illustrating Parts A and B of the draft RSA reports are provided inExhibits C3 and
C4.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008A P P E N D I X CC- 5Exhibit C2 Example of a completed SA screen
The possible incorporation of the FHWA RSA software into each individual SA is illustrated by
the flowchart provided inExhibit C5.
·The FHWA RSA software may start to be used before or immediately after the preSA
meeting. At this point all project data have been obtained, and subjected to a
preliminary review. FHWA RSA software may be used to enter required project data,
and to generate and print out prompt lists at the required level of detail for each SA
team member. In the process of entering data it may be recognized that some data are
missing or unclear. If this is the case, the design team or traffic engineering/
maintenance staff (if ER stage SA is being conducted) may be contacted to obtain
additional data or clarifications.
·The FHWA RSA software may subsequently be used after the field visit is conducted.
At this point the FHWA RSA software may be used as a tool that guides the SA
analysis in a team setting, and provides the opportunity to record identified safety
issues and severities (Safety Risks) associated with each issue.
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 A P P E N D I X CC- 6·Once the SA analysis is completed, the FHWA RSA software generates draft SA report
in the desired format. This draft may be further used by the SA Team leader to develop
a final version of the SA report, complete with maps, photographs, schemes, etc.
Exhibit C3: Example of Part A of the SA report
Exhibit C4: Example of Part B of the SA report
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008A P P E N D I X CC- 7Exhibit C5 Incorporation of the FHWA RSA Software into the SA.
StartProject NumberProject DetailsProject NameProject
BackgroundAdditional
InformationStart/End DateAudit TypeProject
CharacteristicsAdjacent LandUseDesign SpeedService
FunctionSurrounding
TerrainClimate
ConditionsSelection of RSA
TeamAvailable AuditorsTeam LeaderTeam membersPrinting generated
Prompt ListsField Review under
various conditions
with the use of
generated Prompt
ListsRSA Analysis
with the use of
FHWA RSA
Software
(Team setting)Obtaining and
preliminary analysis
of background
informationPreAudit meeting
with Project Owner
and Design Team
FHWA Road Safety Audit Software
Getting
additional
project
information
andclarificationsas neededPreliminary RSA
Analysis (optional)
RSA Steps
Electronic
ChecklistsRoad Safety RiskAnalysis InterfaceAuditing by Topic
and LocationVerification and
editing issues
and locationsGeneration of
Draft RSA ReportPresentation of the
findings to the Project
OwnerFinalization of RSA
Report and
submission to the
Project OwnerPreparation of RSA
Response Report by
Project Owner andDesign Team”Topicsubtopic
locationrisk”
sorting”Locationrisk”
sorting”Safety Risk”
sortingFinish
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008 DA P P E N D I X D
SAFETY
ASSESSMENT
GUIDELINES
APPENDIX D
PROMPT LISTS
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants IncAppendix DPage#1HIGHLEVEL PROMPT LISTSSAFETY ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING FACILITIES
D1: HIGHLEVEL PROMPT LISTTopicComment6.1 ROAD FUNCTION, CLASSIFICATION, ENVIRONMENT
6.2 ROAD ALIGNMENT AND CROSS SECTION
1 Visibility, sight distance
2 Design speed
3 Speed limit/speed zoning
4 Passing
5 ‘Readability’ (perception) of the alignment by
drivers
6 Human factors
7 W idths
8 Shoulders
9 Cross slopes
10 Side slopes
11 Drains
12 Combinations of features
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants IncAppendix DPage#2HIGHLEVEL PROMPT LISTS6.3 AUXILIARY LANES
1 Tapers
2 Shoulders
3 Signs and markings
4 Turning traffic
6.4 INTERSECTIONS AND ROUNDABOUTS
1 Location
2 Visibility, sight distance
3 Signing and marking
4 Layout and ‘readability’ (perception) by drivers
5 Pedestrians, bicyclists
6 Lighting
6.5 INTERCHANGES
1 Visibility, sight distance
2 Lanes, shoulders
3 Signing, marking, delineation
4 Pedestrians, bicyclists
5 Lighting
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants IncAppendix DPage#3HIGHLEVEL PROMPT LISTS6.6 SIGNS AND LIGHTING
1 Lighting
2 General signs issues
3 Sign legibility
4 Sign supports
6.7 MARKING AND DELINEATION
1 General issues
2 Centerlines, edge lines, lane lines
3 Guideposts and reflectors
4 Curve warning and delineation
6.8 BARRIERS AND CLEAR ZONES
1 Clear zones
2 Barriers
3 End treatments / Crash cushions
4 Pedestrian Railing
5 Visibility of barriers and fences
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants IncAppendix DPage#4HIGHLEVEL PROMPT LISTS6.9 TRAFFIC SIGNALS
1 Operations
2 Visibility
3 Placement of signal heads
6.10 PEDESTRIANS AND BICYCLISTS
1 General issues
2 Pedestrians
3 Bicyclists
4 Public transport
6.11 OLDER DRIVERS
1 Turning operations (receiving lane widths, radii)
2 Channelization, opposing left turn lanes
3 Sight triangles
4 Signing, marking and delineation
5 Traffic signals
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants IncAppendix DPage#5HIGHLEVEL PROMPT LISTS6.12 BRIDGES AND CULVERTS
1 Design features
2 Barriers
3 Pedestrian and recreational facilities, delineation
6.13 PAVEMENT
1 Pavement defects
2 Skid resistance
3 Ponding/Icing/Snow Accumulation
4 Loose stones/material
5 Manholes
6.14 PARKING
6.15 PROVISIONS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES
1 Design issues
2 Pavement/shoulder quality
6.16 FLOODWAYS AND CAUSEWAYS
1 Ponding, flooding
2 Safety of devices
Safety Assessment Guidelines
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants IncAppendix DPage#6HIGHLEVEL PROMPT LISTS6.17 OTHER SAFETY ISSUES
1 Landscaping
2 Temporary works
3 Headlight glare
4 Roadside activities
5 Signs of possible problems (pavement,
roadside)
6 Rest areas
7 Environment
8 Median curbing
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#7DETAILED PROMPT LISTSSAFETY ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING FACILITIES
D2: DETAILED PROMPT LIST6.1 ROAD FUNCTION, CLASSIFICATION,ENVIRONMENTYes / NoCommentIs the road function and classification the same as
it was when the road was designed and
constructed?Is the road environment the same as it was when
the road was designed and constructed (no new
developments, no new pedestrian/bicyclists
activities, special events, scenic vistas etc)6.2 ROAD ALIGNMENT AND CROSS SECTIONYes / NoComment1 Visibility, sight distance
Is sight distance adequate for the speed of traffic
using the route?Is adequate sight distance provided for
intersections and crossings? (e.g., pedestrian,
bicyclist, cattle, rail crossings)Is adequate sight distance provided at all private
driveways and property entrances?2 Design speed
Is the horizontal and vertical alignment suitable for
the (85th percentile) traffic speed?If not: are warning signs installed?Are advisory speed signs installed?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#8DETAILED PROMPT LISTSAre the posted advisory speeds appropriate?3 Speed limit/speed zoning
Is the speed limit compatible with the road
function, road geometry, land use and sight
distance?4 Passing
Are safe passing opportunities provided?5 ‘Readability’ (perception) of the alignment by drivers
Is the form and function of the road and its traffic
management easily recognized under likely
operating conditions? (e.g., under heavy traffic;
minimal traffic or poor visibility conditions.)Is the road free of elements that may cause
confusion? E.g., is alignment of the roadway
clearly defined? Has disused pavement (if any)
been removed or treated? Have old pavement
markings been removed properly? Do tree lines
follow the road alignment? Does the line of street
lights or the poles follow the road alignment?Is the road free of misleading curves or
combinations of curves?6 Human factors
Does the road comply with the driver expectancy?Is driver workload not too high at any section?Are principles of positive guidance observed?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#9DETAILED PROMPT LISTS7 Widths
Are medians and islands of adequate width for the
likely users?Are traffic lanes, shoulders, and clear zone widths
adequate for the speed, traffic volume and mix?Are bridge widths adequate?8 Shoulders
Are shoulders wide enough to allow drivers to
regain control of errant vehicles?Are shoulders wide enough for broken down or
emergency vehicles to stop safely?Are shoulders paved?Are there shoulder or edge rumble strips?Is there adequate space for bicyclists if rumble
strips used?Are shoulders suitable for all vehicles and road
users? (i.e., are shoulders in good condition?)Is the transition from road to shoulder safe? (no
dropoffs.)Is the cross slope difference between the
pavement and shoulder particularly in curves,
safe?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#10DETAILED PROMPT LISTS9 Cross slopes
Is appropriate superelevation provided on curves?Are cross slope transitions safe (for cars, trucks,
etc.)?Do cross slopes (roadway and shoulder) provide
adequate drainage? Also consider possible effect
of rutting in the wheel tracks.10 Side slopes
Are side slopes traversable by cars and trucks that
run off the road?Is the side slope treatment adequate to prevent or
limit debris falling on to the road?11 Drains
Are roadside drains and culvert end walls
traversable?12 Combinations of features
Is the road free of unsafe combinations of design
features? (e.g., short radius horizontal curve at
end of long tangent; curve within long steep
downgrade; bridge or intersection on curve, etc.)
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#11DETAILED PROMPT LISTS6.3 AUXILIARY LANESYes / NoComment1 Tapers
Are starting and finishing tapers located and
aligned correctly?Is there sufficient sight distance to the end of the
auxiliary lane?2 Shoulders
Are appropriate shoulder widths provided at
merges?Have shoulder widths been maintained beside the
auxiliary lane?3 Signs and markings
Have all signs been installed in accordance with
the appropriate guidelines?Are all signs conspicuous and clear?Do all markings conform to these guidelines?Is there advance warning of approaching auxiliary
lanes?4 Turning traffic
Have left turns from the through lane been
avoided?Is there advance warning of turn lanes?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#12DETAILED PROMPT LISTS6.4 INTERSECTIONS(INCLUDING ROUNDABOUTS)Yes / NoComment1 Location
Are all intersections located safely with respect to
the horizontal and vertical alignment?Where intersections occur at the end of high
speed environments (e.g., at approaches to
towns); are there traffic control devices to alert
drivers?2 Visibility, sight distance
Is the presence of each intersection obvious to all
road users? Consider different driver eye heights:
cars; trucks; bicycles; motorcycles; vehicles with
restricted visibility.Is the sight distance appropriate for all movements
and all users? Consider sight triangles appropriate
for the intersection control used. Also consider
different driver eye heights: cars; trucks; bicycles;
motorcycles; vehicles with restricted visibility.Will sight lines remain adequate and not be
obstructed by permanent or temporary features
such as parked vehicles or queued traffic? Also
consider seasonal changes such as foliage, grass,
snow storage etc.Is there stopping sight distance to the rear of any
queue or slowmoving turning vehicles?Is the pavement friction adequate for safe
stopping?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#13DETAILED PROMPT LISTS3 Signing and marking
Are pavement markings and intersection control
signs satisfactory?Are vehicle paths through intersections delineated
satisfactorily?Are all lanes properly marked (including any
arrows)?Where the right turn on red is permitted: is safety
maintained? (e.g., consider need for additional
signage warning of presence of
pedestrians/bicyclists etc.)Are street name signs conspicuous and readable,
particularly for older drivers?Are Yield signs, Stop signs and Stop lines visible
in time?4 Layout and ‘readability’ (perception) by drivers
Is the form and function of the intersection clear to
drivers on all approaches? (Check by driving.)Are all conflict points between vehicles safely
managed?Is the intersection layout obvious to all road users?Is the alignment of curbs obvious and appropriate?Is the alignment of traffic islands obvious and
appropriate?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#14DETAILED PROMPT LISTSIs the alignment of medians obvious and
appropriate?Can all likely vehicle types be accommodated?Are merge tapers long enough?Is the intersection free of capacity problems that
may produce safety problems?Are there sufficient visual cues to prevent
overshooting into the conflicting traffic?5 Pedestrians, bicyclists
Are the sight lines adequate for the safety of all
pedestrian groups?Is the movement of vulnerable road users safely
accommodated at all intersections?6 Lighting
Is the lighting correctly in place and adequate?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#15DETAILED PROMPT LISTS6.5 INTERCHANGESYes / NoComment1 Visibility, sight distance
Is visibility adequate at approaches: to the
interchange, on and off ramps, terminal
intersections etc.?Has the minimum sight triangle been provided at:
entry and exit ramps? gore areas? other conflict
points? Consider different driver eye heights: cars;
trucks; bicycles; motorcycles; vehicles with
restricted visibilityWill sight lines remain adequate and not be
obstructed by permanent or temporary features
such as parked vehicles or queued traffic? Also
consider seasonal changes such as foliage, grass,
snow storage etc.2 Lanes, shoulders
Are acceleration and deceleration lane lengths
adequate?Are weaving section lengths adequate?Is the layout of the interchange clear to drivers on
all approaches? (Check by driving.)Is lane continuity maintained?Are appropriate shoulder widths provided at
merges?Have shoulder widths been maintained beside the
auxiliary lane?3 Signing, marking, delineation
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#16DETAILED PROMPT LISTSAre advisory speed signs adequate (check by
driving)?Are all signs, markings, delineation correctly in
place?Are Yield signs, Stop signs and Stop lines visible
in time?4 Pedestrians, bicyclists
Are pedestrian crossings on ramp terminals
conspicuous?Are safety provisions for pedestrian and bicycle
movements adequate?If bikeways are provided, are they safe?5 Lighting
Is the lighting correctly in place and adequate?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#17DETAILED PROMPT LISTS6.6 SIGNS AND LIGHTINGYes / NoComment1 Lighting
Is lighting required and, if so, has it been
adequately provided?Is the road free of features that interrupt
illumination (e.g., trees or overpasses)?Is the roadside free of lighting poles that are a
fixed roadside hazard?Is lighting adequate to compensate for rapid
changes in light conditions (e.g., at tunnel
entrances)?Are breakaway or slipbase poles provided?Ambient lighting: if it creates special lighting
needs, have these been satisfied?Is the lighting scheme free of confusing or
misleading effects on signals or signs?Is the lighting scheme free of any lighting black
spots?2 General signs issues
Are all necessary regulatory, warning and
direction signs in place?Are they conspicuous and clear?Are the correct signs used for each situation and
is each sign necessary?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#18DETAILED PROMPT LISTSIs the number, placement and spacing of signs
such that driver information overload is avoided?Are all signs effective for all likely conditions (e.g.,
day; night; rain; fog; rising or setting sun;
oncoming headlights; poor lighting)?If restrictions apply for any class of vehicle: are
drivers adequately advised?If restrictions apply for any class of vehicle: are
drivers advised of alternative routes?Is the signing and marking adequate for the older
driver?3 Sign legibility
In daylight and darkness; are signs satisfactory
regarding visibility? clarity of message?
readability/legibility at the required distance?Is sign retroreflectivity or illumination satisfactory?Are signs able to be seen without being hidden by
their background or adjacent distractions?Is driver confusion due to too many signs
avoided?4 Sign supports
Are sign supports out of the clear zone?If not, are they: breakaway? on slip bases?
shielded by barriers? shielded by crash cushions?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#19DETAILED PROMPT LISTS6.7 MARKING AND DELINEATIONYes / NoComment1 General issues
Is the line marking and delineation: appropriate for
the function of the road? consistent along the
route? likely to be effective under all expected
conditions? (day; night; wet; dry; fog; rising and
setting sun position; oncoming headlights; etc.)Is the pavement free of excessive markings? (e.g.,
unnecessary turn arrows; unnecessary barrier
lines; etc.)2 Centerlines, edge lines, lane lines
Are centerlines, edge lines, lane lines provided?If not: do drivers have adequate guidance?Are Raised Retroreflective Pavement Markers
(RRPMs) provided where necessary?If RRPMs are installed: are they correctly placed;
correct colors; in good condition?Are centerline, shoulder, and/or edge rumble strips
provided where required?Is the marking in good condition?Is there sufficient contrast between marking and
pavement color?3 Guideposts and reflectors
Are guideposts appropriately installed?Are delineators clearly visible?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#20DETAILED PROMPT LISTSAre the correct colors used for the delineators?Are the delineators on barriers and bridge railings
consistent with those on guideposts?4 Curve warning and delineation
Are curve warning signs, markings, and advisory
speed signs installed where needed?Are advisory speeds adequate and consistent
along the route?Are the signs correctly located in relation to the
curve? (i.e., not too far in advance.)Are the signs large enough? (e.g., consider
appropriateness of oversize signs)Are chevron alignment markers installed where
required?Is the positioning of chevron alignment markers
satisfactory to provide guidance around the curve?Are chevron alignment markers the correct size?Are chevron alignment markers confined to curves
(not used to delineate islands etc)?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#21DETAILED PROMPT LISTS6.8 BARRIERS AND CLEAR ZONESYes / NoComment1 Clear zones
Is the clear zone width adequate for existing traffic
pattern?Is the clear zone width traversable (i.e. drivable)?Is the clear zone width free of rigid fixtures? (if not:
can all of these rigid fixtures be removed or
shielded?)Are all utility poles, trees, etc. at a safe distance
from the traffic paths?Is the appropriate treatment or protection provided
for any objects within the clear zone?2 BarriersAre barriers installed where necessary?Are barriers installed at all necessary locations in
accordance with the relevant guidelines?Are the barrier systems suitable for the purpose?Are the barriers installed correctly?Is the length of crash barrier at each installation
adequate?Is the guard rail attached correctly to bridge
railings?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#22DETAILED PROMPT LISTSIs there sufficient width between the guard rail and
the pavement edge line to contain a broken down
vehicle?Are barrier systems free of any
damage/deteriorating that may cause their
improper performance? Consider rotated blocks,
downed poles, cracked barriers, damaged rails,
extensive cable sags etc.)3 End treatments / Crash cushions
Are end treatments constructed correctly?Is there a safe runoff area behind gating end
treatments?Are end treatments/crash cushions free of any
damage/deteriorating that may cause their
improper performance?Are end treatments for median barriers non
gating?4 Pedestrian Railing
Are pedestrian fences of breakaway design?Are vehicles safe from being ‘speared’ by
horizontal fence railings located within the clear
zone?Are drivers able to see pedestrians approaching
crossings (and vice versa) through the railing?5 Visibility of barriers and fences
Is there adequate delineation and visibility of
barriers and pedestrian railing at night?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#23DETAILED PROMPT LISTS6.9 TRAFFIC SIGNALSYes / NoComment1 Operations
Are traffic signals operating correctly?Is the signal phasing and timing safe?Is adequate time provided for traffic movements,
pedestrian and bicyclist movements? Consider the
duration of green, yellow, allred, walk/clearance
indications for all movements. Check whether the
crossing time is sufficient for all pedestrian groups,
i.e., with rate of travel less than 3.5 feet per
second.Are turn phases coordinated with walk/don’t walk
signals?Is protected left turn signal phase (if provided)
leading, not lagging?Are the number, location and type of signal
displays appropriate for the traffic mix and traffic
environment?Are there provisions for visually impaired
pedestrians (e.g., audiotactile push buttons;
tactile markings)?Is the controller located in a safe position? (i.e.,where it is unlikely to be hit and maintenance
access is safe.)Is the condition (especially skid resistance) of the
road surface on the approaches satisfactory?Are signalized intersections coordinated?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#24DETAILED PROMPT LISTS2 Visibility
Are traffic signals clearly visible to approaching
motorists?Are the signal heads free from obstructions? (e.g.,
trees; light poles; signs; bus stops; etc.)Is there adequate stopping sight distance to the
ends of possible vehicle queues?Are there any visibility problems that could be
caused by the rising or setting sun?Are signal displays shielded so that they can be
seen only by the motorists for whom they are
intended?If optically programmed signals are used: is their
operation safe? (e.g., for left turn signals: visibility
for the left turning traffic, possible deteriorating of
aiming/masking in the operation, physical
separation of left turning and through traffic in the
vicinity of intersection, etc)Where signal displays are not visible from an
adequate distance: are signal warning signs
and/or flashing lights installed?Where signals are mounted high for visibility over
crests: is there adequate stopping sight distance
to the ends of traffic queues?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#25DETAILED PROMPT LISTS3 Placement of signal heads
Are signal heads located as required by
guidelines? (e.g., primary left turn signal head iswithin projections of separated leftturn lane etc.)Are signal posts located where they are not an
undue hazard?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#26DETAILED PROMPT LISTS6.10 PEDESTRIANS AND BICYCLISTSYes / NoComment1 General issues
Are there appropriate travel paths and crossing
points for pedestrians and bicyclists?Is a safety railing installed where necessary to
guide pedestrians and bicyclists to crossings or
overpasses?Is a safety barrier installed where necessary to
separate vehicle, pedestrian and bicyclist flows?Are pedestrian and bicycle facilities suitable for
night use?Is traffic calming used where appropriate to
improve safety? Is the application safe? (e.g.,
unsafe narrowing, unforgiving fixed objects are
avoided)(Users may wish to refer to the FHWA Pedestrian Road Safety Audit Prompt Lists for additional prompts)
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#27DETAILED PROMPT LISTS2 Pedestrians
Is there adequate separation distance between
vehicular traffic and pedestrians on footways?Are pedestrian footpaths or sidewalks providedwhere appropriate?Is there an adequate number of pedestrian
crossings along the route?At crossing points is railing oriented so
pedestrians face oncoming traffic?Is there adequate provision for the elderly; the
disabled; children; wheelchairs and baby carriages
(e.g., holding rails; curb and median crossings;
ramps; sidewalk width, grades, cross slope,
surface; detectable warnings)?Are adequate hand rails provided where
necessary (e.g., on bridges; ramps)?Is signing about pedestrians near schools
adequate and effective?Is signing about pedestrians near any hospital
adequate and effective?Is the distance from the stop line to a cross walk
sufficient for truck drivers to see pedestrians?Are the information needs of blind and lowvision
pedestrians met? (e.g., where pedestrian signals
are provided, is crossing and timing information
available to blind/low vision pedestrians?)(Users may wish to refer to the FHWA Pedestrian Road Safety Audit Prompt Lists for additional prompts)
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#28DETAILED PROMPT LISTS3 Bicyclists
Is the pavement width adequate for the number of
bicyclists using the route?Are bike lanes or separate bikeways to
accommodate bicycle traffic provided where
appropriate?Is the bicycle route continuous (i.e., free of
squeeze points or gaps)?Where bikeways terminate at intersections or
adjacent to the roadway, has the transition
treatment been handled safely?Are drainage inlets ‘bicycle safe’?Are rumble strips (type and placement) safe for
bicyclists?Are bicycle/pedestrian conflicts avoided?Is there enough space for bicyclists to safely pass
the parking cars (consider provision of buffer
zones; angle vs. parallel parking etc.)Are driveway aprons avoided on the bike routes?Are manholes flush with roadway surface?Is 10 feet of vertical clearance from signs and
structures provided on the bike routes?Is there adequate signing to provide safety of
bicyclists? (e.g., “Share the Road”; “Wrong Way”;
“No Parking”; bike lane designation signs etc.)
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#29DETAILED PROMPT LISTSWhere bicyclists are required to dismount (e.g., in
front of shared pedestrian crossings), is there
adequate warning (signage, marking, pavement
surface, etc)?4 Public transport
Are bus stops safely located with adequate
visibility and clearance to the traffic lane?Are bus stops positioned accounting for pedestrian
flows generators?Are bus stops in rural areas signposted in
advance?Are shelters and seats located safely to ensure
that sight lines are not impeded?Is clearance to the road adequate?Is the height and shape of the curb at bus stops
suitable for pedestrians and bus drivers?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#30DETAILED PROMPT LISTS6.11 OLDER DRIVERSYes / NoComment1 Turning operations (receiving lane widths, radii)
Is receiving lane (throat) width for turning
operations wide enough to ensure safety for older
drivers? It is desired to provide 12 ft minimum
accompanied, wherever practical, by 4ft shoulder.Are curb radii adequate for older drivers? (30 ft is
desired )2 Channelization, opposing left turn lanes
Is raised channelization (sloping curbed medians)
provided for leftlane treatments at intersections?At intersections with high volume of pedestrians: If
rightturn channelization is present, is an
acceleration lane adequate for passenger car
characteristics provided?At intersections with high volume of pedestrians: If
rightturn channelization is present, is an adjacent
pedestrian refuge island provided?Are the opposing left turn lanes designed to
provide unrestricted sight distances? Also, at
intersections where there are larger percentages
of left turning trucks, is sight distance unrestrictedwhen opposing leftturn vehicles are trucks?If the channelized offset left turn lanes are used,
are they properly signed and delineated to preventwrong way entrance to the lane (e.g., left turntraffic from an intersecting road)?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#31DETAILED PROMPT LISTS3 Sight triangles
Are the intersection sight distances (sight
triangles) adequate for reaction time of older
drivers (minimum 2.5 s)4 Signing, marking and delineation
Are island curb sides and curb surfaces treatedwith reflectorized paint? Is a luminance contrastlevel adequate for older drivers (3.0 or higher
under low beam headlight of a passenger car)Is edge treatment/delineation of curbs, medians
and obstacles adequate for older drivers? (i.e.,
minimum inservice contrast of painted roadway
edge level of 2.0 for intersections with overhead
lighting and 3.0 without it)Where RTOR is permitted and a pedestrian
crosswalk is delineated, is there a sign requiring
turning traffic to yield to pedestrians? If the
intersection is skewed (less than 75 degrees or
greater than 105 degrees), is RTOR prohibited?Is the letter size, type and placement of street
name signs adequate for older drivers? (e.g.,
minimum letter height 6 inches, use of overhead
mounted signs with minimum letter size 8 inches
at major intersections, using directional arrows if
street names are different in different directions
etc)Is oneway/wrong way signage (number and
placement) on approaches to divided highways
adequate to ensure clear perception for older
drivers? Is the Divided Highway Crossing sign
used?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#32DETAILED PROMPT LISTSIs Cross Traffic Does Not Stop warning sign panel
mounted below the Stop sign used for twoway
stop control intersections where appropriate? E.g.,where sight triangle is restricted, wherever aconversion from fourlane control is implemented
etc.Are laneuse control signs placed overhead at
intersections, as a supplement to pavement
markings and shoulder and/or median mounted
signage?5 Traffic signals
Is protectedonly left turn signal operation
implemented where capacity allows? Is it
controlled by a separate signal? If it is
protected/permitted operation, is protected phase
leading, not lagging?Are signal displays adequate for the reduced
ocular transmittance of the older driver’s eye? Are
backplates used?Is allred clearance interval implemented and is its
duration adequate for older drivers?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#33DETAILED PROMPT LISTS6.12 BRIDGES AND CULVERTSYes / NoComment1 Design features
Are bridges and culverts the full formation width?Are bridge and culvert roadway widths consistentwith approach conditions?Is the approach alignment compatible with the
85th percentile travel speed?Have warning signs been erected if either of the
above two conditions (i.e. width and speed) are
not met?2 Barriers
Are there suitable barriers on bridges and their
approaches to protect errant vehicles?Is the connection between barrier and bridge
railing safe?Is the bridge free of curbing that would reduce the
effectiveness of barriers or rails?3 Pedestrian and recreational facilities, delineation
Are pedestrian facilities on the bridge appropriate
and safe?Is fishing from the bridge prohibited?Is fishing from the bridge is not prohibited, has
provision been made for ‘safe’ fishing?Does delineation continue over the bridge?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#34DETAILED PROMPT LISTS6.13 PAVEMENTYes / NoComment1 Pavement defects
Is the pavement free of defects (e.g., excessive
roughness or rutting; potholes; loose material;
etc.) that could result in safety problems (e.g., loss
of steering control)?Is the condition of the pavement edges
satisfactory?Is the transition from pavement to shoulder free of
dangerous edge drop offs?2 Skid resistance
Does the pavement appear to have adequate skid
resistance, particularly on curves, steep grades
and approaches to intersections?Is the crack sealing not too extensive to cause the
unsafe differential in skid resistance?Has skid resistance testing been conducted where
necessary?Has the location of manholes on curves been
avoided? (difference in skid resistance issue for
motorcyclists)3 Ponding/Icing/Snow Accumulation
Is the pavement free of areas where ponding,
sheet flow of water, icing and snow accumulations
may cause safety problems?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#35DETAILED PROMPT LISTSIs the road surface free of significant rutting in thewheel paths that can accumulate water or snow?4 Loose stones/material
Is the pavement free of loose stones and other
material?4 Manholes
Are manholes flush with roadway surface?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#36DETAILED PROMPT LISTS6.14 PARKINGYes / NoCommentAre the provisions for, or restrictions on parking
satisfactory in relation to traffic safety?Is the frequency of parking turnover compatiblewith the safetyof the route?Is there sufficient parking for delivery vehicles so
that safety problems due to double parking do not
occur?Are parking maneuvering along the route possiblewithout causing safety problems? (e.g., angleparking without a buffer zone)Is the sight distance at intersections and along the
route unaffected by parked vehicles?6.15 PROVISIONS FOR HEAVY VEHICLESYes / NoComment1 Design issues
Are passing opportunities available for heavy
vehicles where volumes are high?Does the route accommodate the size of vehicle
likely to use it?Is there adequate maneuvering room for large
vehicles along the route, at intersections,
roundabouts; etc.?Is access to rest areas and truck parking areas
adequate for the size of vehicle expected?
Consider acceleration; deceleration; shoulderwidths; etc.
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#37DETAILED PROMPT LISTS2 Pavement/shoulder quality
Are shoulders sealed at bends to provide
additional pavement for long vehicles?Is the pavement width adequate for heavy
vehicles?In general: is the pavement quality sufficient for
the safe travel of heavy and oversized vehicles?On truck routes: are reflective devices appropriate
for truck drivers’ eye heights?6.16 FLOODWAYS AND CAUSEWAYSYes / NoComment1 Ponding, flooding
Are all sections of the route free from ponding or
flow across the road during wet weather?If there is ponding or flow across the road duringwet weather: is there appropriatesignposting?Are floodways and causeways correctly
signposted?2 Safety of devices
Are all culverts or drainage structures located
outside the clear roadside recovery area?If not, are they shielded from the possibility of
vehicle collision?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#38DETAILED PROMPT LISTS6.17 OTHER SAFETY ISSUESYes / NoComment1 Landscaping
Is landscaping in accordance with guidelines (e.g.,
clearances, sight distance)?Will existing clearances and sight distances be
maintained following future plant growth?Does the landscaping at roundabouts avoid
visibility problems?2 Temporary works
Are all locations free of construction or
maintenance equipment that is no longer
required?Are all locations free of signs, markings or
temporary traffic control devices that are no longer
required?3 Headlight glare
Have any problems that could be caused by
headlight glare been addressed (e.g., a twoway
service road close to main traffic lanes; the use of
glare fencing or screening)?4 Roadside activities
Are the road boundaries free of any activities that
are likely to distract drivers?Are all advertising signs installed so that they do
not constitute a hazard?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc. Appendix D Page # 39
DETAILED PROMPT LISTS
5 Signs of possible problems (pav ement, roadside)
Is the road pav ement free of brake/skid tire marks
that could indicate a possible problem, hazard or
conflict at the site?
Is the roadside hardware, trees, and poles free of
damage from errant vehicles that could indicate a
possible problem, hazard or conflict at the site?
6 Rest areas
Is the location of rest areas and truck parking
areas along the route appropriate?
7 Environment
Is the route free from large numbers of animals
(e.g., cattle; sheep; moose; bears etc.)? If not: is it
protected by animalproof fencing? are the
underpasses for animals provided?
Is there any negative safety effects of wind, sun
angles at sunrise and sunset?
Will the road perform safely when there is a rain,
mist, ice, fog, snowfall, blowing snow?
Is there adequate provisions for snow
accumulations (e.g., obstruction of sight lines,
barrier performance etc).
Will snow storage not disrupt pedestrian access or
visibility?
Are visual distractions (e.g., scenic vistas)
adequately addressed (e.g., by providing areas to
stop safely)?
Safety Assessment Guidelines for
October 2008
EngWong, Taub & Associates Bergmann Associates Synectics Transportation Consultants Inc.Appendix DPage#40DETAILED PROMPT LISTSIs the route free of unsafe overhanging branches?8 Median curbing
If backtoback median curbing is used is it:
adequately delineated? obvious where it starts?
obvious at intersections? unlikely to be a hazard to
pedestrians?